Faculty of Agriculture

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Browsing Faculty of Agriculture by Subject "Cattle"

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    Evaluating the Effectiveness of Different Biorationals and Acaricide on Ticks Control in Cattle
    (2022) Oyirwoth, Gracious
    Background Farmers in Uganda are faced with many diseases that limit the productivity of their animals, many of these are caused by tick infestations. Years of use and overuse of available chemical ectoparasiticides have resulted in the large scale development of resistance in these parasites as well as negative environmental impacts. To reduce these impacts, much focus has been placed on the search for alternative, environmentally friendly parasite control strategies with lower chance of the development of resistance. Many rural farmers have used plants to control ticks. In some cases, the traditional use has been confirmed, in other cases, only the traditional use has been documented. A review of published scientific articles was conducted for medicinal plants with in vitro acaricidal or tick-repellent activities against immature and adult stages of ticks. However, little information has been studied on the organic biorationals and dangers of acaricide in Uganda as a tick control measure in cattle and for its Improvement and Development. The objectives of the study were; To determine the effectiveness of different biorationals as a tick control measure and To determine the effectiveness of different plant extracts on tick mortality Methodology Five plant materials were used in the evaluation with 90 – 100% efficacy according to the South African Journal of Botany (Azadirachta Indica, Gynandropsis gynandra, Lavendula augustifolia, cymbopogan spp and euphorbia hirta). The plant materials were washed, shade dried, crushed and maceration method was used for the extraction of the plant phytochemicals which were used for the evaluation. Results The results indicated that among the different plant extracts on tick control, Azadirachta Indica concoction of ratio 1:1(10ml organic recipe concoction: 10ml water) significantly caused an effect (<. 001) on the ticks in respective petri dishes and this was observed after 48 hours and 72 hours of treatment application. At 24 hours of treatment application no single tick was observed dead neither weak because the concoction was not yet very strong. The finding further indicates that 1:1 (10ml organic recipe concoction: 10ml water) of Azadirachta Indica at 48 hours, it was observed that from 12 petri dishes having a total of 12 ticks, 3.133 were observed dead whereas at 72 hours many (5.431) ticks continued to die.
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    The Quality of Raw Milk of Cattle from Uganda Martyrs University Equator Valley Farm: Quantification of Salmonella and Escherichia Coli Compared with Uganda National Bureau of Standards
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2011) Murongo, Marius, Flarian
    MURONGO MARIUS FLARIAN (2011-M152-20016) The Quality of Raw Milk of Cattle from Uganda Martyrs University Equator Valley Farm: Quantification of Salmonella and Escherichia Coli Compared with Uganda National Bureau of Standards The study on the “quality of raw milk from Uganda Martyrs University Equator Valley Farm: quantification of salmonella and Escherichia coli compared with Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) was done with three objectives; to establish the colony forming units of Salmonella in raw milk; to establish Coliform counts in raw milk, and; to determine the class of milk produced from the farm in relation to UNBS. The study followed an experimental research design. The parameter was the standard plate count for salmonella and E.coli. The samples purposively collected at respective milking times included; eleven samples from healthy milkers according to the university farm records, one sample from mixed milk, one sample from the university cooler, one sample from a vendor who retails milk from the farm, and one sample from the hotel operator who prepares milk from the farm for final consumption. The samples were tested in a laboratory setting using serial dilutions of 10.000mls and 100.000mls for E.coli and Salmonella respectively. The pour plate method using McConkey and Dulcitol Selenite as agar media for E.coli and Salmonella, respectively, was employed. Plates were incubated at 350C and data collected after 48hours. Statistical procedures were used to analyse the results. The correlation coefficient between study results and UNBS standard figures was (0.9) for both salmonella and E.coli. Hence, there was a positive relationship between the national standards and farm standards. Determination of the class of milk with respect to Salmonella placed all the samples in Grade “A” and “B” with non-compliance for Grade “C”. With respect to E.coli, the tested samples complied with “Very good” class compared with the National standards. The numbers of salmonella (0.301) and E.coli (0.1206) from the t-test at the different raw milk handling levels were significantly not different (P=0.05), and statistically not significant to disprove the null hypothesis. It was concluded with certainty then that Salmonella and E.coli exist in raw milk produced from the farm in quantities that vary. However, the counts are not significant to affect the quality of raw milk when compared to national standards. The study recommended that the farm’s stakeholders provide routine milker training and assign responsibilities for all areas of prevention of contamination. Periodic milk testing was recommended to provide microbiological count records on the prevalence of E.coli and Salmonella. Key words: Milk, Cattle, Farm, Salmonella, Escherichia, Standards