Thesis and Dissertations

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    Deforestation and Livelihoods-Examining the Effects of Deforestation on Rural Livelihoods: A Case study of Maliba Sub-County, Kasese District.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2003) Tumwesigye, Anthony K.
    TUMWESIGYE .K. ANTHONY (2003-MA-DL-035) Deforestation and Livelihoods-Examining the Effects of Deforestation on Rural Livelihoods: A Case study of Maliba Sub-County, Kasese District. Deforestation means reduction or loss of the biological and economic productivity of forests and woodlands resulting from land use or a combination of processes arising from human activities. Forests are important habitats for biodiversity and provide crucial eco-system services in terms of soil and watershed protection and the economic value of the numerous products and services they provide. Worldwide, 1.6 billion people depend on forests to some extent while over 60 million indigenous people depend directly on forests for their survival. However, forests are under pressure due to deforestation. Uganda‟s forest cover has halved during the past century, and currently is shrinking at a rate of 55,000 hectares per year (FAO, 2004).The loss of forested areas upsets soil-water relations, contributes to global warming, brings erosion, and lowers water quantity and quality which affects human health. People gather medicinal plants, fuel wood and derive food from the forests to support their livelihoods hence the loss of these habitats leads to a lower quality of life. Despite these effects, no factual information is readily available about the effects deforestation on the livelihoods of the local communities, in this case in Maliba sub-county. This study set out to determine the impact of deforestation on the livelihoods of local communities in the sub-county. It focused on the causes of deforestation and its effects, challenges of combating deforestation and possible mitigation measures. The study found out that forests are a source of products such as firewood for domestic use and sale, poles for construction, charcoal mainly for sale, food (fruits, honey and mushrooms), medicinal plants, game meat and hand craft materials. More still, forests provide employment and protect soil from erosion, increase soil fertility and are important for water catchment and tourism, cultural values and climatic amelioration. All these support the livelihoods of the majority of the local communities. Cutting of forests for agricultural expansion, firewood extraction for domestic and industrial uses, pit sawing for timber, and cutting of trees for poles and charcoal are the leading causes of deforestation. Others are poor extension services, corruption and population increase, lack of alternatives to wood resources, over harvesting due to poor planning, poverty, indirect nature of conservation benefits, weak regulation and enforcement of existing laws and policies, urbanisation and industrial growth, and inappropriate processing technologies. Decreased availability of forest products, increased erosion, gullies and bare lands, decreased agricultural production, decrease in water quality and quantity, increased landslides and floods, loss of biodiversity, increased temperatures, and decline in revenues, increased incidences of diseases, increase in prices of the forest products are some of the effects of deforestation that negatively impact on the livelihoods of the local communities in the sub-county. The study recommends empowering of National Forestry Authority and District Forestry Services, by government and conservation organisations to implement policies and plans through capacity building and provision of adequate resources, promotion of alternatives, sustainable utilisation, promotion of alternative sources of income, and linking the agencies to carbon markets for more funds as some of the mitigation measures to combat the effects of deforestation on local communities‟ livelihoods. Key Words: Deforestation, Rural Livelihoods, Kasese District.
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    Partnership between Public and Private Sector in Achieving Excellence in Service Delivery: A Case Study of a Partnership between Local Government, ActionAid International and Local Community in Katakwi District.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2004) Onyait, Francis Micheal
    ONYAIT FRANCIS MICHAEL (2004-M093-10044) Partnership between Public and Private Sector in Achieving Excellence in Service Delivery: A Case Study of a Partnership between Local Government, ActionAid International and Local Community in Katakwi District. The purpose of this study is to investigate the partnership between Public and Private Sector in achieving excellence in service delivery. A case study is drawn from the partnership between Local Government, ActionAid International and the local community in Katakwi district. The specific objectives for the study included: to establish the extent to which the partnership between ActionAid International, Katakwi district local government and local communities has improved the delivery of services in Katakwi district; to examine the factors that are important drivers and interrupters of service delivery in the partnership between ActionAid International, the local government and the local community in Katakwi district. The main findings and conclusions from the study are: Overall, ActionAid International (AAI) is significantly narrowing the infrastructure deficit and food insecurity in Katakwi district which has improved greatly since 1997. There is evidently a joint partnership arrangement between AAI, Katakwi district local government and communities in the five subcounties of Ngariam, Magoro, Omodoi, Toroma and Kapujan. There is no published Public Private Partnership (PPP) policy in Uganda. The AAI programme has a weak Information, Education and Communication (IEC) strategy in most of the interventions. There was a tendency of AAI interventions to emphasise on the hardware bit and little attention was done on the software, management and ownership issues. The staff and policy makers at both the district and sub-counties do not have any continuous source of up to date information on the strategies and most interventions of AAI despite the presence of the partnership arrangement. It was physically evident that, the poverty level among the majority of Katakwi district rural populations was still very high. Key Words: Partnership, Public and Private Sector, Service Delivery, Local Government, ActionAid International, Local Community, Katakwi District.
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    The Socio-economic Effects of Depression on Children in a Post-Conflict Area: A Case Study of Aswa County, Gulu District
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2005) Alal, Single Dora
    ALAL SINGLE DORA (2005-M033-1008) The Socio-economic Effects of Depression on Children in a Post-Conflict Area: A Case Study of Aswa County, Gulu District Many children fell prey of the 23 years armed conflict in Northern Uganda. Both the government and rebel groups caused adverse harm to the children destroying social facilities and lives. The communities were displaced into the Internally Displaced Persons‟ (IDP) camps with appalling conditions for human beings and children suffered significantly. The parents, government and other stakeholders failed to provide adequate protection to the children and because of these multiple sufferings the children in northern Uganda and Gulu have not recovered from the loss. Depression is associated with numerous negative and long lasting psychosocial problems in children, reduced functionality, suicide and even death. Available research and studies show that depression resulting from war and violence may have serious consequences on future adult development of adolescents; coupled with time lost, financial constraints and stress that the parents face with upbringing a depressed child. Unfortunately, these disorders often go unrecognised by families and physicians alike. In this study, the research is focusing on examining the social and economic effects of depression on children in a post-conflict situation. In carrying out of the study, the researcher chose a case study strategy as the most suitable approach for this research to examine the socio-economic effects of depression on children in a post-conflict situation. Both the qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in the study, structured 13 questionnaire, focus group discussion guide and interview guide to enlist information from different respondents. Data analysis was done using EPI DATA. Overall, the study findings show that knowledge about depression is still very scanty with the children not able to identify depression symptoms and not able to know that they are depressed. The worst part of it all is that they do not know they are actually sick and need to seek medical attention. The assessment and analysis of data on the effects of depression on social relations of the children found that majority of the children have poor relationships with their peers, parents and caretakers. Depression affects children‟s behaviours negatively and this affects children‟s positive development and may lead to other delinquent behaviours which expose them to more risks and abuse. Depression reduces the energy to engage in productive activities both at school and at home as found out by this study. This can affect their school performance negatively leading to failures in examinations. The researcher concluded that depression affects both the social and economic life of children with serious short term and long term negative consequences both for the child, family, community and consequently affecting their positive development into adult life. Therefore, early identification and treatment is very important in helping the conditions not to become chronic. There should be increased intentional community mobilisation and awareness raising to understand that depression is just like any illness that can be prevented and treated effectively. The government should ensure consistent implementation of the mental health act and health services bill to allow for continuous flow of drugs to health centres and this should be backed by increasing the number of personnel in the mental health department. Parents and adolescents should be aware of the warning signs of depression and suicidal thoughts and report any sign of danger immediately to the health units or professionals Keywords: The Socio-economic Effects, Depression on Children in a Post-Conflict Area, Gulu District
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    Assessment of Women’s Participation in the Urban Informal Sector: A Case Study of Kalerwe Market, Kawempe Division in Kampala City
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2005) Kinyera, Tony Apecu
    KINYERA TONY APECU (2005-M033-10009) Assessment of Women’s Participation in the Urban Informal Sector: A Case Study of Kalerwe Market, Kawempe Division in Kampala City The study was aimed at assessing women‟s participation in the urban informal sector with a case study of Kalerwe market, Kawempe division in Kampala City. The main objective of the study was to find out why women‟s participation in the urban informal sector has made little impact on their socio-economic development despite their dominant role in the sector. The study further explored the socio-economic activities women are engaged in, examined factors that contribute to women‟s involvement, the challenges faced by women and how women‟s involvement in the informal sector could contribute to their socio-economic development. The research questions raised in this study were aimed at finding out: what socio-economic activities are women engaged in, factors influencing women‟s involvement, challenges they face, and how women‟s involvement in the informal sector contributes to their socio-economic development and ways of improving on their work conditions. The research design used in this study is case study. It gave the researcher room for in-depth investigation and deeper insights and understanding of problems being faced by women in the informal sector. The study was carried out in Kalerwe market located in Kalerwe village, Mulago III Parish, Kawempe division in Kampala. Female market vendors, customers and Kampala City Council (KCC) officials were considered as study population. The total sample size was 80 respondents. It included 40 women engaged in activities in Kalerwe market, 30 customers/buyers and 10 KCC officials. The researcher purposively targeted these categories because of richness in information regarding the study. The researcher used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through interviews, observation and questionnaires. The researcher obtained valuable secondary data from newspapers, journals on the internet and other published materials. Data analysis was done through descriptive writing, giving details of the findings. Data was both descriptive and inferential. For statistical data, frequency tables were used and for descriptive data, the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) was used. Data analysis was done by using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). The researcher sought permission from KCC authority to conduct the study. Confidentiality of the respondents, honesty and openness were adhered to during the study. The findings showed that women of different age groups and marital status are involved in several activities, including sale of fresh food stuffs, second hand clothes, fruits, and air time. It was also found out that women are faced with challenges in the informal trade. These include among others: lack of capital, lack of required skills, harassment from Kampala City Council Officials, bad debtors, 9 unfair competition from formal traders, bad weather conditions, taxation, high rent, inadequate information on market opportunities, available services, new technology and support programmes, lack of required skills, poor physical infrastructure facilities in the market, absence of organised and recognised interest groups to champion the women‟s cause in the market. The findings also revealed that women get involved in informal sector due to a number of factors which include: widespread poverty, the radical downsizing of the civil service during the 1990s and a generally a poor business climate in the country, unemployment, population increase, sustained rural- urban migration. Informal trade is found to be the major source of income to women and profitable. The findings further revealed that women spend their earnings on household requirements and taxes to government The researcher, therefore, recommends that key stakeholders such Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs), government and international agencies should explore ways of availing credit facilities to women, training them in basic skills in commerce and establishment of service infrastructure in the market. Keywords: Urban Informal Sector, Women’s Participation, Kalerwe Market
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    An Assessment of Factors Affecting Direct Tax Revenue in Uganda.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Mubaale, Peter, Kafuko
    MUBAALE PETER KAFUKO (2006-03-MSCDE-PT- 041) An Assessment of Factors Affecting Direct Tax Revenue in Uganda This study investigated the factors that affect direct tax revenue in Uganda. The factors included per capita income, the tax rate, tax administration and the size of the informal economy. Specifically, the study sought to examine the effects of these factors on direct domestic tax revenue and identify challenges to direct domestic tax revenue in Uganda. A correlation research design was adopted and primary data were collected through interviews. A total of 100 respondents including staff, managerial and senior tax officials from Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) and Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED) participated in the study. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select respondents. The data were analysed using the statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The research findings revealed that per capita income and tax administration facilitation were the major economic factors that positively affected direct tax revenue in Uganda. On the other hand, political interference and corruption were significant challenges to direct tax revenue in Uganda. The study concluded that economic factors affected direct tax revenue in Uganda. Finally, the study recommended autonomy of URA, introduction of an effective human resource management policy, institutionalization of e-services and automation, stepping up taxpayer outreach 152 and education to understand the civic responsibility of paying taxes and, reorganising tax administration by type of taxpayer to increase efficiency and effectiveness. Key words: Tax, Revenue, Uganda
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    Assessment of the Staff Recruitment Process in the Decentralised System of Local Government: A Case Study of Mukono District
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Kisekka, Bwebukya Godfrey
    KISEKKA BWEBUKYA GODFREY (2006-M092-10008) Assessment of the Staff Recruitment Process in the Decentralised System of Local Government: A Case Study of Mukono District The study was carried out in Mukono District Local Government (DLG) with the major objective of assessing the recruitment process in the district. The specific objectives of this study were to establish the actual and potential sources of recruitment for Mukono district, to identify the problems surrounding recruitment of staff within the decentralised system of local government in Mukono district, to establish the effects of the recruitment process on staff performance in the district and to establish the attitude of the district staff and political leaders towards the recruitment procedures and retention of staff. The study was both qualitative and quantitative in nature. Target groups included serving officers in different categories ranging from the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO), middle level and junior officers. The lower local governments selected included the town councils of Njeru, Lugazi, Mukono and Nkokonjeru, plus the sub-counties of Goma, Najjembe, Kawolo and Nama. Also, some respondents were purposively sampled from National Service Commissions and a few line ministries. Methods used to gather data included questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions. The data were analysed and presented as tables, graphs and charts. It was found out that Mukono district by virtue of the Constitution and the Local Government Act, Cap 243, is mandated to recruit, discipline, develop and dismiss its staff, except the CAO and Deputy CAO. The district recruits from within and from outside through a procedure that is well stipulated by the Public Service Commission (PSC). However, the recruitment is done with a lot of irregularities like political influence, bribery, no submissions from the CAO and or/Town Clerk, which is contrary to the relevant laws, guidelines, rules and regulations. This has resulted into wrong decisions being implemented, thus causing loss of revenue to the district through performance gaps, heavy workload and poor service delivery. Eighty percent of respondents pointed to the need to recruit basing on multiparty system while 20% were against it, 57% preferring radio as a means of communication in case short-listing is out, 57% were of the view that political influence has limited proper management of human resource matters in the district. It is recommended that there should be regular training of the District Service Commission (DSC) members and the public as well as on the procedures of recruitment and putting in place an efficient feedback mechanism. High labour turnover should also be studied and prevented from escalating. There is also need to set up quality assurance mechanisms, amendment of the law such that the DSC members are not appointed by the district council but by the MoPS in consultation with the PSC and their remuneration be channelled direct to the DSC account instead of sending it through the CAO. More still, the DSC should have the mandate to demand for some vital submissions from the CAO/Town Clerks instead of just sitting back to wait for submissions. In addition, the DSC should improve communication with shortlisted candidates through telephone calls, emails and text messages and feedback to those who aren‟t successful after the selection process. The rules on co-option of technical members need to be laid down clearly and tightened to avoid bias, nepotism and bribery. In conclusion, it is recommended that the applicants should submit verified academic copies with their applications to reduce cases of forgery. The DSC should also submit their quarterly reports to the District Council and the PSC on time. Keywords: Staff recruitment, decetralisation system, local government, Mukono distrcit
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    An Evaluation of the Role of Loans in Promoting Women’s Entrepreneurship: A Survey of Selected Women Entrepreneurs in Nyendo–Senyange Division, Masaka Municipality.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Masaba, Tom
    MASABA TOM (2006-M033-10021) An Evaluation of the Role of Loans in Promoting Women’s Entrepreneurship: A Survey of Selected Women Entrepreneurs in Nyendo–Senyange Division, Masaka Municipality The objective of this study was to evaluate the role microfinance loans play in developing women’s entrepreneurial capacity. The reason for undertaking the study was to find out why, in spite of the existence of numerous microfinance institutions that dispense micro loans, women’s entrepreneurial capacities were still dismal. The study involved the principle of purposive sampling among women who had borrowed loans from microfinance institutions as well as loans officers in the respective institutions. The study was guided by research objectives, and the questionnaire method was applied in data collection. Tables, frequencies, percentages, bar graphs and pie charts were used in data analysis. The findings indicated that Women’s groups are a foundation on which to build capacity for their entrepreneurship and the challenge of having to recover defaulters‟ loans are an opportunity that ensures the women are vigilant and responsible borrowers. Microfinance institutions are commercial entities that are not concerned about women’s entrepreneurship and thus they have not instituted any measures to enhance entrepreneurial capacity among women. High interest rates and unsustainable conditionalities stand in the way of women’s entrepreneurial advancement. In recommendation, microfinance institutions should design novel products including asset financing, agricultural loans and training in business management skills as they encourage women’s groups to build their entrepreneurial capacity. Microfinance institutions should discourage financing retail trade and instead encourage their women clients to venture into novel businesses where competition is not so stiff. Microfinance institutions ought to ease lending conditions by scrapping spousal consent, signing land transfer forms and demand for handling costs. The Ministry of Gender needs to carry out regular surveys to monitor the implementation of policies in support of gender mainstreaming and advocate for the enactment of the Domestic Relations Bill. Key words: Loans, Women, Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship
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    Assessing the Challenges Faced by Non-Governmental Organisations in their Contribution towards Education: A Case Study of Compassion International Uganda, Masaka Cluster.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Twemerimana, Jolly
    TWEMERIMANA JOLLY (MADS 2006-MO33-10011) Assessing the Challenges Faced by Non-Governmental Organisations in their Contribution towards Education: A Case Study of Compassion International Uganda, Masaka Cluster. The study is about challenges faced by non-governmental organisations in their contribution towards education taking a case study Compassion International Masaka Cluster. There are many non-governmental organisations in Uganda offering different services to supplement what the government is doing and Compassion International is one of them. However, much as these non-governmental organisations have tried their best still they are not successfully achieving their intended objectives. Therefore, the study was carried out to find out the challenges faced by non-governmental organisations in their contributions towards education. A case study taken was Compassion International in Masaka Cluster. We looked at the activities carried out by compassion international in Uganda and Masaka in particular and the challenges the organisation encounters in service delivery. The objectives of the study were to assess the challenges faced by non-governmental organisations; to assess the educational needs of the compassion International Beneficiaries; to assess the role played by Compassion International towards education service provision and remedies to these challenges The study employed a case study of Compassion International Masaka Cluster to assess challenges met as they contribute towards Education. Qualitative and Quantitative methods of data collection were used where the interview guides were employed and data were analysed. The findings of the study were that: there is insufficient funding; beneficiaries leave schools without completion; much work with little pay; ignorance of some beneficiaries; de-motivated staff; and remote controlled policies among others. On the beneficiaries side, there are also challenges that hinder them from benefiting fully from Compassion International simply because their parents/care givers do not have enough funds to top up on what the organisation has offered them and they end up not successfully completing their studies. In conclusion, Compassion International should always involve field workers and the beneficiaries in the policy making process because they are the ones on the ground and they are more informed about what is suitable for them. Key Words: Non-Governmental Organisations, Education, Compassion International Uganda, Masaka Cluster.
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    Translating Uganda’s Child Labour Policy to fight Hazardous Child Labour in Laroo Division of Gulu District.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Lagen, Marjorie Judith; Lagen, Marjorie Judith
    LAGEN MARJORIE JUDITH (2006-03-MA-DL-021) Translating Uganda’s Child Labour Policy to fight Hazardous Child Labour in Laroo Division of Gulu District This research was conducted with the primary aim of finding out how the community of Laroo division has translated Uganda’s child labour policy into practice to fight hazardous work in which children are involved. The policy, which was adopted in 2006, emphasises community empowerment in fighting child labour. In order to find out how the community can be empowered to fight hazardous child labour in the division, this research focused on the following key research questions; Who according to the community can be defined as a child? What are the different types of child labour in the division? What are the causes of child labour in the division? What are the consequences of child labour on the children in Laroo division? What are the steps the community suggests in fighting child labour in the division? Qualitative methods of data collection were employed in data collection using semi-structured interview guides. However, a questionnaire was also used to provide more insight into the work status of children involved in child labour, from the perspective of the children and the division leadership. The findings from data analysed show that in Laroo division, there are a number of child labour activities that children are involved in and these include: child prostitution, brick making, selling water, stone quarrying, roadside petty trade, car washing, providing casual labour, and fetching firewood for sale. Both boys and girls are involved in child labour activities but differences emerge in some activities like child prostitution where girls are heavily involved and also brick making where girls fetch the water for sale, while boys engage in the brick making. The major reasons why children are involved in child labour, range from the need to meet food/basic needs, learning the trade, payment of school dues to parental negligence. The suggested recommendations to fight child labour in the division focus on empowering households to generate enough income to sustain themselves through access to micro credit opportunities, and provision of scholarship opportunities for vulnerable children. Key words: Labour, Child
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    Challenges Batwa Face in Formal Education: A Case Study of Kigezi Sub-Region, Uganda.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Ndoleriire, Kyomuhendo Patrick
    NDOLERIIRE KYOMUHENDO PATRICK (2006-M092-10006) Challenges Batwa Face in Formal Education: A Case Study of Kigezi Sub-Region, Uganda. This dissertation presents findings and recommendations on challenges the Batwa, a minority group in Kigezi sub-region of Uganda, face in formal education. With a focus on primary and secondary levels, the researcher set out to better understand the challenges the Batwa face. Formal education is looked at as both a human right and a development issue for the Batwa. The Batwa are believed to be indigenous to the forests in the Great Lakes Region but in Uganda they were evicted from the forests in favour of biodiversity conservation. Up to 40% live as squatters paying their land lords through labour. While some do manual work to earn a days‟ meal for the family, others live by begging. Only a handful can read or write. Many, especially the youth, have taken to drug abuse. The study was guided by the following research questions: What are the challenges faced by the Batwa in formal education? Does the formal education system suit the Batwa in the Kigezi sub-region? And can formal education facilitate well-being of the Batwa? Much as the formal education system in Uganda is criticised for irrelevancy to the context, without it the Batwa will remain excluded from development frameworks for generations which undermines their realisation of other human rights and poverty eradication initiatives. Based on field findings and analyses, recommendations to address the challenges, and make Batwa girls and boys participate in and benefit from formal education, will be made. The dissertation progressively introduces the situation of the Batwa in the region, gives a statement of the problem and objectives of the research. This is followed by research methodology and the conceptual framework. The concluding section contains analyses of data, conclusion and recommendations to address the challenges. The data were obtained from 72 self-administered questionnaires, 12 focus group discussions and 9 one-to-one interviews. The challenges are associated with a household such as lack of food, shelter, educational materials; personalities such the Batwa negative attitudes towards formal education; the discriminatory environment; and the inappropriate education system, as well as lack of role-models and support by parents. The reflective participatory methodology employed by the study, involved both the Batwa as rights holders, and duty bearers. Both are critical players if Batwa boys and girls in the Kigezi sub-region are to overcome their challenges in formal education. This approach was useful and led respondents to question what could be done to address the situation. Indeed CARE International in Uganda, where the researcher worked at the time, was developing a project proposal aimed at addressing some of the challenges. The author recommends integrated approaches to addressing the challenges, because all are inter-linked, and reinforce one another. The government of Uganda invests heavily in formal education, yet Batwa in the Kigezi sub-region hardly benefit. The researcher recommends affirmative action for the Batwa and resettlement by government as a long term strategy to address the plight of the Batwa. Of critical importance is the need to address the discriminatory tendencies among the majority ethnic groups as this stretches from home, community, to school and local decision making processes; as well as orienting Batwa attitude to embrace formal education. Until Batwa families in the sub-region appreciate and are able to support their children in formal education, and the children have sustained interest in formal education, other efforts will not yield much. The families should be able to meet their physiological needs of food, shelter, clothing, and specifically sanitary requirements for girls. Key Words: Formal Education, Kigezi Sub-Region.
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    Assessing Factors Influencing Hygiene and Sanitation Practices in Soroti District: A Case Study of Arapai Sub-County
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Agelu, Charles
    AGELU CHARLES (2006-03-MA-DL-003) Assessing Factors Influencing Hygiene and Sanitation Practices in Soroti District: A Case Study of Arapai Sub-County A lot of resources have been sunk into the water and sanitation sector by various actors; Government, local and international Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) to improve the water, hygiene and sanitation situation in the country. In spite of all these, the sanitation situation has remained poor. Even households with sanitation facilities in place do not operate or maintain them. The study was conducted to assess the factors influencing hygiene and sanitation practices in Soroti district, a case study of Arapai sub-county. The study variables were: poverty, culture and illiteracy. Purposive sampling, questionnaires, interview guides, focus group discussions and observation check-lists were used to collect data from the respondents. The specific objectives of the study were: to assess how culture influences adoption of hygiene and sanitation practices, to examine how poverty influences adoption of hygiene and sanitation practices and to assess how literacy levels influence adoption of hygiene and sanitation practices. The research questions were; what cultural practices affect hygiene and sanitation? How does poverty influence hygiene and sanitation practices and how literacy levels affect hygiene and sanitation practices. The findings reveal that poverty, illiteracy and culture influence hygiene and sanitation practices in Soroti district. In order to come out of this rather difficult situation, there is need for a critical analysis of the situation so as to design appropriate interventions. This also requires a joint effort by various development actors in the region so as to have a uniform approach to development intervention. Key areas that need action are: provision of adequate extension services, subsidisation of hygiene and sanitation materials, setting up of sanitation bi-laws, regular follow-ups, involvement of community based institutions like cultural and religious leaders, involvement of women who are the primary users of water and sanitation facilities and more research into the topic so as to get further insights into factors that affect hygiene and sanitation practices in the area. Keywords: Hygiene and Sanitation, Soroti District
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    An Assessment of the Impact of the Local Government Development Programme on the Improvement of Health Service Delivery: A Case Study of Soroti District
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Egunyu, Dorah
    EGUNYU DORAH (2006-M092-10002) An Assessment of the Impact of the Local Government Development Programme on the Improvement of Health Service Delivery: A Case Study of Soroti District The study assessed the impact of the Local Government Development Programme (LGDP) on the improvement of health service delivery in Soroti district. The objectives of the study where three pronged 1) to establish the benefits of the LGDP in the improvement of health service delivery and 2) to ascertain the challenges encountered in the implementation of the LGDP and 3) to examine the mechanisms used to address the challenges encountered in the implementation of the LGDP in order to improve health service delivery. The study findings would, therefore, provide a platform for discussion of recommendations directed to address the challenges encountered in the implementation of the LGDP in order to improve health service delivery. The study employed a case study research design and both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were utilised. The study sample space targeted one hundred respondents, with the bulk of interviewees (80) being selected as a category of health service users within the target community and 20 key informants. The study findings indicated that the most highly rated benefits of health service delivery under the LGDP were immunisation (67.5%) and distance to health centres (26.3%) which community members rated very good. Corruption (10.9%) was cited as the main challenge to the LGDP while construction of more health centres (10.1%) was rated highest for best government local health strategy. The salient conclusion of the study was that despite the construction of health centres that ameliorated issues around distance and good immunisation programmes, corruption continued to pose a glaring threat to effective health service delivery. Key issues touching on drug outs, doctor to patient ratio resulting in high death rates from even curable diseases still remained persistent, invariably discounting gains from the LGDP. Recommendations in the study include: equipping health centres with drugs and other operational facilities, sustenance of immunisation campaigns, organising refresher courses for serving health practitioners, as well as training more health workers and creation of a national health think tank among others. Keywords: Health service delivery, Local government development, Soroti district
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    Child Labour and School Drop-out Rates: A Case Study of Selected Primary schools in Kobulubulu Sub-County, Kaberamaido District.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Ochung, Moses Mathew
    OCHUNG MOSES MATHEW (2006-M053-10009) Child Labour and School Drop-out Rates: A Case Study of Selected Primary schools in Kobulubulu Sub-County, Kaberamaido District. Vast research has been conducted in the field of child labour. The relationship between child labour and school drop-out rates in rural communities is the area of concern for this report. This has been due to the dynamic nature of child labour activities that go unnoticed in this area and more so in Kobulubulu sub-county of Kaberamaido district. Governments, development partners and international practitioners have made every effort to combat child labour through the provision of Universal Primary Education, incentives like bursaries, scholarships, poverty alleviation programmes like NUSAF, PMA, micro finance institutions, etc but not much has been achieved and yet we are moving towards 2015, the evaluation year of the EFA and MDGs. The reviewed literature provides loopholes in implementation of these programmes as people‟s attitudes have not changed. The study used a case study research design. The study established the perception of the community on the education system, coping strategies and the enforcement of existing laws. A total of 100 respondents were interviewed altogether. Both simple random and purposive sampling procedures were used. Questionnaires were administered to technical staff within Kaberamaido district while interview guides were conducted with the community respondents. To compare data, Pupils Attendance Registers (PAR) forms were analysed for Kalyamese and Akwalakwala Primary schools. The objectives were so helpful to achieve the desired effects of child labour on school drop-out. This research has revealed salient findings among which are: The communities are aware of child work and where the children work. They know who employs these children and the actual numbers of children who have dropped out from school. Poverty is the major contributory factor to child labour amidst structural irregularities that are still in the communities. The education system is not beneficial to the plight of the children evidenced by teachers‟ ignorance on the importance of registers in schools. There is massive violation of children‟s rights and responsibilities as children are taken as cheap labour and do not enjoy the protection of adults. Traditional safety nets have broken down leaving many child-headed families. The parents/guardians have failed in their role of sending the children to school and summarily this study assures us that child labour is a result of dropping out of school not a cause. The community‟s knowledge and understanding of child labour is paramount in its elimination. The following recommendations have been proposed: massive sensitisation of communities by the community-based services of the district through the media and community meetings. Enforcement of existing laws and communities are encouraged to promote self-assurance through involvement in activities that enable them cope with situations of need. The education sector should provide surveillance mechanisms to enhance early tracking of children at risk of dropping out. Key Words: Child Labour, School Drop-out Rates, Primary schools, Kaberamaido District.
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    Women Access to Microfinance Credit and its Contribution to their Economic Empowerment: A Case Study of Selected Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Bushenyi District
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Kobusingye, Edivine Mary
    KOBUSINGYE EDIVINE MARY (2006-MO43-10003) Women Access to Microfinance Credit and its Contribution to their Economic Empowerment: A Case Study of Selected Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Bushenyi District The general objective of the study was to investigate the accessibility to microfinance credit by women in selected Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) in Beshenyi District and its effective utilisation to enhance their economic empowerment. A descriptive survey and a case study research design using both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed in the study. Both random and non-random sampling techniques were used. Cluster random sampling was used to select the 10 institutions from which the study took place. Quota sampling was used to select the respondents of the study: 10 per institution, thus, a total of 100 respondents were sampled. Snowball sampling was used to identify the targeted women. Quantitative data was coded and frequencies and percentages computed. Qualitative information was analysed according to study themes using narrative analysis. The key research findings showed that very few women had accessed credit compared to men. This was due to lack of collateral to pledge, high interest rate charged on loans, long procedures involved before one got a loan, high levels of illiteracy of women and lack of support from husbands. Husbands controlled most of the productive resources especially land basically through inheritance, controlled incomes in the home and determined how women invested the money received as credit since they were the determinants of priority investments. Women had succeeded to invest in income generating activities, saved and supported and maintained their children in school hence were economically empowered. The conclusions made were that the percentage of women who had accessed credit from selected SACOOs in Bushenyi was still small compared to men. This was due to many factors already mentioned above. The women who were legally married and in monogamous relationships had effectively utilised the credit they received. Men controlled all the productive resources in a home basically through inheritance and determined priority investments hence denying women a chance to exercise choice in the nature of activity invested in. The size of the loan received was too small to have any positive bearing on the economic empowerment of these women. There were few cases of loan diversion since majority of the respondents had used the loans for the intended purpose. The recommendations made are that Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) should initiate lending policies that are women friendly in order to encourage more women to access credit. Husbands should try to discuss and plan with their wives on how to utilise the acquired loans and also allow women to participate in deciding things that affect their lives and those of their families hence enhancing their empowerment. Women should try to invest in more productive or higher income generating activities which bring in more returns. MFIs should initiate more products which encourage women to save and should avoid fraudulent practices that discourage women from saving. Keywords: Microfinance credit, economic empowerment, Buhsenyi district
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    The Effects of the Food Crisis on the Livelihoods of Northern Uganda Residents.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Opio, Michael Ambrose
    OPIO MICHAEL AMBROSE (2006-M033-10009) The Effects of the Food Crisis on the Livelihoods of Northern Uganda Residents The specific objectives of this research were; a) to assess the main causes of the food crisis, b) to examine the effects of the food crisis on the livelihoods of northern Uganda residents, and c) to document how northern Uganda residents were copying with the effects of the food crisis. This research covered ten northern Uganda districts. The sample population was one hundred twenty respondents; of these, twenty were key informants, seventy responded to questionnaires and thirty were questionnaire non-responses. The researcher used documentary alongside questionnaire and key informant interviews; and was thus able to validate data gathered from various sources by cross referencing conflicting information from one source with another. The main causes of the food crisis included harvest failures as a result of climate change, increased bio fuel demand, and growing world population. While the major effects of the food crisis included hunger, starvation, and in worst cases death, riots, school drop outs, and poverty. Northern Uganda residents should capitalise on their comparative advantage and produce excess food for sale in the national and regional markets. The government should increase investments and promote innovative research in the agriculture sector and support northern Uganda residents to build sustainable livelihoods. Key words: Livelihood, Food, Crisis
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    The Effectiveness of Mine Action Programmes on the Reintegration Process of Communities in Gulu and Pader Districts, Northern Uganda.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Mwaka, Walter
    MWAKA WALTER (2006-03-MA-DL-024) The Effectiveness of Mine Action Programmes on the Reintegration Process of Communities in Gulu and Pader Districts, Northern Uganda. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of the Mine Action Programme on the reintegration of the community in Northern Uganda. The specific objectives of the study were to find out the different services offered under Mine Action Programme in the reintegration of the communities in Northern Uganda as well as examining people’s participation in the programme. The study also analysed the challenges/obstacles in the implementation of Mine Action Programme and provided viable remedies to improve on its implementation. The researcher used qualitative and quantitative approaches and the analysis of quantitative data was done by the use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The sample size of 120 respondents was selected involving various categories of respondents. The study covered Gulu and Pader districts in Northern Uganda. The research findings revealed that the Mine Action Programme contributed substantially in the reintegration of the community in Northern Uganda through different services offered like; Victims‟ Assistance to people who were injured by land mines and other unexploded ordinances, Mine Risk Education through radio programmes and outreach activities including wall painting, use of mine risk educators, plays and t-shirts. Other contributions of Mine Action Programme include Stockpile Destruction as well as Humanitarian Demining and Advocacy for global intervention on issues regarding Land Mines and unexploded ordinances. The study came up with recommendations including; diversifying financial sources, promoting community participation, improving on the aspect of transparency, promoting specialised training on mine action programme and improving on coordination. All these suggestions are seen as the best means to improve mine action programme in Northern Uganda. Key words: Reintegration, Communities
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    Factors Affecting Tutors’ Use of Information and Communication Technologies: A Case Study of Mukuju Core Primary Teachers’ College.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Ogot, Owino Joe Alfred
    OGOT OWINO JOE ALFRED (2006-MO93-10050) Factors Affecting Tutors’ Use of Information and Communication Technologies: A Case Study of Mukuju Core Primary Teachers’ College. This study assessed the factors that affect the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the classroom by tutors and students. It sought to investigate and establish the factors that influence the integration of computer knowledge in teaching and learning by tutors after Primary Teachers‟ Colleges were equipped with computers and tutors were trained in their use during the two Phases of Connect ED project between 2000 and 2005. Literature related to factors affecting use of ICTs in the classroom was reviewed. The study was conducted through a case study; data was collected in June 2010, using a questionnaire from 153 staff and student teachers purposively and randomly selected respectively from the available population and using a focus group discussion of 12 tutors purposively selected, analysed using themes and MS Excel, and presented in tables and pie charts. The study established that; competence of tutors and students, level of knowledge of the new tools and technologies of education, tutor‟s and students‟ attitudes, lack of Internet, and inappropriate resources affect the integration of ICT in teaching and learning, and tutors‟ and students networking with tutors and/or students from other countries. The study concluded that a number of factors affected the use of ICT by tutors for teaching and learning. It recommended that tutors and students should be trained and/or retrained in the use of the basic computer applications to enable them gain competence in computer literacy and in using computers as medium for learning and for teaching; that computers should be installed in institution libraries and classrooms or in subject rooms in addition to having them in the computer laboratory; that a lot of information should be provided to students and to tutors on computer, its benefits and limitations in order to help them cultivate favourable attitudes towards computers; that computer studies should be integrated in the national curricular; and that the Faculty of Teacher Education in Kyambogo University should teach ICT as an applied subject to prepare their products for the teaching profession. Key Words: Tutors, Information and Communication Technologies, Mukuju Core Primary Teachers’ College.
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    The Role of Savings and Credit Co-operative Organisations in enhancing the Prosperity for All Programme (Bonna-Bagaggawale): A Case Study of Rubaga Division in Kampala City
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Kyalisiima, Priscilla
    KYALISIIMA PRISCILLA (2006-MO53-10013) The Role of Savings and Credit Co-operative Organisations in enhancing the Prosperity for All Programme (Bonna-Bagaggawale): A Case Study of Rubaga Division in Kampala City Savings and Credit Cooperative Organisations (SACCOs) are tools for development in Uganda. It is on this basis that the government of Uganda has chosen SACCOs to provide access to financial services implemented through a development programme – the “Prosperity for All” commonly known as Bonna Bagaggawale, geared towards improvement of household incomes and people‟s livelihoods. The study was, therefore, an assessment of the role of SACCOs in enhancing the Prosperity for All (PFA) programme. The specific objectives were: to analyse the success of SACCOs in enhancing Prosperity for all and to identify the challenges faced by SACCOs in enhancing Prosperity for All. The study, which was of a case study design, was conducted in three SACCOs, namely: Namungona Cooperative Savings and Credit Society, Born Again Pentecostal Savings and Credit Society and Rubaga North Development Association and Credit Society, all located in Rubaga division in Kampala City. Using individual interviews and self-administered semi-structured questionnaires, information was collected from 120 clients who have accessed financial services from the SACCOs. Other respondents were members of SACCO management who included Loans Officers and Managers. The key findings indicated that clients have benefited more from savings and loan services but less in business tutorials and advice that would enhance knowledge in enterprise development. Regarding interest charges on loans, it was found out that interest charged was fair and, therefore, would not be a limitation to accessing loan services. The findings further revealed that though SACCOs have done a lot in extending financial and business support, less has been felt in improved standards of living and saving culture promotion. More findings reveal that SACCOS have contributed more in terms of employment and improved economic status of the community than in infrastructural development. On recommendations, with regard to the roles of SACCOs in enhancing the PFA programme, it is recommended that SACCOs improve on their proficiency in extending financial services, namely, mobilisation of savings and advancing loans for enterprise development. It is also recommended that SACCOs should consider reducing interest rates since the cost of loans has a high incidence on the demand for loans and loan repayment. SACCOs should provide non-financial services that include conducting sensitisation programmes for clients. To protect against loan delays, managers should develop loan products that suit the clients‟ needs; the delivery process should be convenient and the clients should be made to feel that SACCO staff members respect and care about them. Reviewing of the loan policies and procedures should be accompanied by building the capacity of management, staff and board members that are in charge of loan management. As regards the perception that SACCO management is corrupt, it is recommended that the SACCO Board should institute internal and external auditing of their SACCOs in order to establish efficiency and effectiveness of SACCO operations. With regard to misconceptions by clients and politicians about Bonna Bagaggawale funds, it is recommended that a sensitisation programme be intensified to furnish clients with the right information. Managers of SACCOs are also advised to adhere to lending policies and desist from political interference. It is recommended that for SACCOs to reduce on their operational costs, they should put in place internal controls that ensure prudent management of SACCO operational costs and ensure that operational self-sufficiency is attained. In this way, SACCOs will be in position to confidently execute sustainably the PFA programme. The Boards and Management of SACCOs are advised to enter into collaborative arrangements with other institutions such as RFSP, UCSCU, MSC and AMFIU put in place by government to execute the PFA programme. Keywords: Savings and Credit Co-operative Organisations, Kamapala
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    The Impact of the Activities of Uganda National Farmers Federation on Farmers’ Incomes: A Case Study of Mbarara District.
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Twesigye, Dan
    TWESIGYE DAN (2006-03-MScDe-PT-040) The Impact of the Activities of Uganda National Farmers Federation on Farmers’ Incomes: A Case Study of Mbarara District This study examined the impact of the activities of Uganda National Farmers Federation (UNFFE) using Mbarara district as a case study. The specific objectives were to find out the impact of agricultural trainings, distribution of farm inputs, provision of agricultural loans, and marketing of agricultural produce, on farmers‟ incomes. Cluster sampling methods were used to select the sample and primary data were collected using a questionnaire form the field. The data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used most especially by means of frequency tables, pie charts and graphs. The impact of the activities of UNFFE was estimated by using a linear regression model with results indicating that the coefficients of agricultural loans, marketing of agricultural produce, training, and provision of inputs were 1.0245, 1.1134, 1.3213, and 1.3782 respectively. Therefore, a ten percent increase in agricultural loans, marketing of agricultural produce, training, and provision of inputs would increase farmers‟ incomes by 10.245, 11.134, 13.213, and 13.782 respectively. It is, therefore, recommended that government and stakeholders should intensify the campaigns to recruit more extension workers to carry out frequent trainings for the farmers, more low interest funds for farmers, institutional development of markets, and include all stake holders in the activities of the organisation so that meetings and trainings can be spread to the entire community. Key words: Farmer, Federation, Income, Agricultural, Loan
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    Effects of Neglecting Culture in Child Protection and Development in Pastoral Communities of Karamoja: A Case Study of Rupa Sub-County in Matheniko County, Moroto District Karamoja Region
    (Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Achom, Oluka Irene
    ACHOM OLUKA IRENE (2006-M033-10019) Effects of Neglecting Culture in Child Protection and Development in Pastoral Communities of Karamoja: A Case Study of Rupa Sub-County in Matheniko County, Moroto District Karamoja Region The study was about the effects of neglecting culture in promoting child protection and development in pastoral communities in Rupa sub-county in Moroto district -Karamoja region. It was meant to identify the cultural institutions, values, norms that enhance child protection and development and correspondingly establish the effects of cultural neglect in child protection and development. The study also highlights factors which influence cultural neglect in child protection and development in order to find solutions and recommendations to such problems through the analysis done by the researcher after data collection. Three hundred and sixty seven (367) respondents were randomly selected for the study. Primary data were collected through indepth informant interviews and focus group discussions. Various agency and government of Uganda publications and textbooks were used then as sources of secondary data. The research findings identified the following existing traditional institutions and practices which traditionally provided a platform for enhancement of child protection and development: the clan system, adolescent sexuality, courtship rape, marriage using animals, polygamy, care of orphans and widows, child birth, protection of children from evil or harm, naming of children, ownership of non-biological children, gender roles and livelihoods, mainstreaming of pastoralist protection issues, education, traditional healing/health care, nomenclature, disarmament/restoration of law and order in Karamoja, role of elders, congregating under trees (usually outside the manyata). The effects of neglecting culture in child protection and development were discussed alongside the above identified existing norms, institutions and values. Majority of these cultural institutions hold positive aspects of traditional child protection mechanisms which have been neglected due to the limiting factors such as: chronic insecurity and violence, rampant incidences of sexual abuse/rape, human sacrifices, failure of the current generation set to hand over power to the next generation set, decline in power of the traditional systems to regulate conflicts, poverty, chronic insecurity, women‟s role in raiding, pride in raiding, extended drought, lack of economic activities, loss of parents or guardians. However, neglecting some cultural practices was viewed as yielding positive effects for child protection and development. The study findings revealed that whereas there are both positive and negative effects of neglecting culture, the negative effects are more detrimental to child protection and development. Introduction of modern formal systems for child protection and development are not given ample time to evolve. Advocates of change are eager to see results of change in the short term. Both the Karimojong and the development partners (Government, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), private sector) need to take into consideration the role of culture in designing development programmes in order to develop appropriate sustainable child protection and development programmes for Karamoja with specific focus on Rupa sub-county. The research will contribute important and useful information to policy makers and development partners who are interested in promoting child protection and development in Rupa sub-county and to the government that is currently implementing the Peace, Recovery and Development Plan (PRDP) in Karamoja. This study will also help scholars in the academic field to undertake further research into issues of culture and development and it is important that this study was carried out to help Moroto district in designing its District Development Plans. NGOs and UN agencies will be able to evaluate the relevance and the effectiveness of their programme interventions using the recommendations of this research. Keywords: Pastoral Communities, Child Protection, Karamoja