Post-graduate Dissertations (Peace Studies)

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Assessing the Role of Non-State Actors in Mitigating Juvenile Delinquency: A Case Study of Selected Non-State Actors in Yambio Town, Western Equatoria State, South Sudan.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2014) Zungumbia, Jarvas Benidict
ZUNGUMBIA JARVAS BENEDICT (2014-M062-20001) Assessing the Role of Non-State Actors in Mitigating Juvenile Delinquency: A Case Study of Selected Non-State Actors in Yambio Town, Western Equatoria State, South Sudan. This study is designed to probe an understanding into the role that the selected Non-State Actors within Western Equatoria State (WES) especially Yambio Town, undertake to mitigate delinquency among vulnerable children. These selected Non-State Actors include: family, community and the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) as situated within the circles of the social ecological system of the child. The study is set to answer questions on the following (i) the approaches which the selected Non-State Actors undertake to mitigate delinquency among vulnerable children, (ii) their specific ways in mitigating delinquency and lastly (iii) the challenges which the selected Non-State Actors face in mitigating delinquency. The study is designed qualitatively, as it examines social processes within the social ecological system of the child. On this note, the research revealed different methods that the selected non-state actors employ as approaches in the fight against delinquency. These approaches included on the part of the mentoring, family bonding, parent-child relationship, shaping the future, meanwhile community include; community engagement, community resilience, keeping good morals by exerting influence. As well the Non-Governmental Organisations have different approaches such as child Rights promotion, social Protection for vulnerable children. Also the selected non-state actors developed specific ways to combat delinquency. In doing so the family have the following specific ways: ensuring safety nets for vulnerable children, enrolling children in schools, ensuring positive socialisation, sustainable solutions. On the same note, the community gets involved in: community initiatives, risk mitigation, building protective environments, availing community responsibilities to youths. Non-Governmental Organisations usher in: parents' enhancement, consultation with families, psycho-social programmes for vulnerable children, violence prevention and peace education projects through sports, encouraging parents to ensure early stimulation of children, early child development projects, health projects for children and parents, awareness on children‟s rights and needs, provision of child friendly Space (CFS). Western Equatoria State, a region which has been embroiled in instabilities has a resultant obstacle that can impede the any activity. Therefore, the selected non-state actors have encountered challenges in pursuit of delinquency mitigation among vulnerable children. These non-state actors are facing a number of challenges some of which are not of their own making. Families as one of the non-state actors have challenges such as viscious cycle of poverty, inappropriate discipline styles, limited family income etc. In the same line communities continue to encounter challenges such as: risky neighbourhood communities, community instability. More still the NGOs, have registered the following challenges: limited resources, staff with limited knowledge on child rights, inadequate research on delinquency specific threats. This study has revealed that much as the selected non-state actors continue to fight against delinquency, much more is needed in terms of synergy between them, sourcing for resources, and enhancing their capacities respectively. Key Words: Non-State Actors, Mitigating Juvenile Delinquency, South Sudan.
Low Voter Turn up and the Right to Vote: A Case Study of Kamuli Village Kireka Parish.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2014) Wairugala, Fred Moses W.
WAIRUGALA FRED MOSES WAGA (2014 – MO62 – 20017) Low Voter Turn up and the Right to Vote: A Case Study of Kamuli Village Kireka Parish. There has been a steady increase in the number of registered voters in Uganda since the first parliamentary election at independence in 1962. Despite the increase in the number of registered voters, there has been a marked decrease in voter turnout. The objectives of the study aim to establish why citizens are keen on registering but do not turn up to vote and how this impacts on the right to vote. The thesis aims to describe and analyse why registered voters shun elections increasingly. The material was gathered in a single case study through qualitative interviews with registered voters in Kamuli village, Kireka parish, Kira municipality in Wakiso district and key informants in stakeholder organisations like Citizens‟ Coalition for Electoral Democracy in Uganda, the electoral commission and local leaders. The material has been presented according to the three themes, namely: motivational factors to register to vote, perception of the right to vote and reasons for the low voter turnout. The study was conducted through a single case design in Kamuli village. Forty six respondents were interviewed through random and purposive sampling by use of interview guide designed to help the researcher probe and acquire the necessary information. The data was processed, managed and analysed through the qualitative interpretative approach and transcribed into the various categories and themes to match the study objectives of motivation to register to vote, perception of the right to vote and the reasons for low voter turn-up. The study found that citizens register to vote because of emotional attachment to certain fixations such as candidates rather than a civic duty to enhance development. The right to vote was not appreciated as a civic constitutional right because of the glaring hatred and ignorance of the entire electoral process. The low voter turnout was found to be caused by social, political and economic factors which ranged from intimidation, poverty, electoral maladministration and ignorance among others. The study recommends that citizens be sensitised and provided with civic education to enable them appreciate the civic duty to register to vote and the corresponding right to vote. It is further recommended that the electoral commission be facilitated sufficiently so that it carries out its constitutional duty as required. The institutional short falls in the electoral body should be addressed to make the electoral process attractive. Lastly, individual issues which cause voter apathy be addressed by the concerned government agencies to make the right to vote attractive. Key Words: Low Voter, Right, Kamuli District.
Examining the Levels of Awareness about Violence against Women among the Batwa Community in Kisoro District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2013) Uwayesu, Proscovia
UWAYEZU PROSCOVIA (2013-MO62-20018) Examining the Levels of Awareness about Violence against Women among the Batwa Community in Kisoro District. The research was carried out under the topic: examining the levels of awareness about violence against women among the Batwa community in Kisoro District, South Western Uganda.The research was guided by the objectives of examining the levels of awareness about violence against women, how information is accessed about violence against women among the Batwa and if there is any government programme aimed at addressing violence against women. A case study design was adopted in which both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to gather information. The sampling techniques included purposive and simple random sampling supported by face to face interviews with key informants and questionnaires. Results from the study indicated that information regarding violence against women was not adequately disseminated, thus, leading to the prevalence of high cases of abuse. It was also found out that the various means of communication used to spread information about violence against women were in most cases not accessed by the Batwa community, and thus, creating a very big gap in the creation of knowledge or awareness on the levels of violence against women. What other communities see as a sign of violence against women, the Batwa perceive it as a sign of love and discipline within their community, especially, domestic and sexual violence. Thus, the study found out that any information that is passed on in any other form other than face to face meetings is not accessed by the Batwa community. Their culture is also still strong in contributing to high levels of violence against women. The researcher recommends that efforts in a bid to ensure that violence against women within the Batwa community is addressed and it requires that all approaches and methods that appreciate the cultural set up should be embraced if the Batwa Community are to appreciate the development within their settings. This includes streamlining the performance and delivery of duty bearers within the Batwa community that seem not to offend them in realising the government concerns on violence against women. Key Words: Violence, Women among, Kisoro District.
Examining the Levels of Awareness about Violence against Women among the Batwa Community in Kisoro District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2013) Owayesu, Proscovia
UWAYEZU PROSCOVIA (2013-MO62-20018) Examining the Levels of Awareness about Violence against Women among the Batwa Community in Kisoro District. The research was carried out under the topic: examining the levels of awareness about violence against women among the Batwa community in Kisoro District, South Western Uganda.The research was guided by the objectives of examining the levels of awareness about violence against women, how information is accessed about violence against women among the Batwa and if there is any government programme aimed at addressing violence against women. A case study design was adopted in which both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to gather information. The sampling techniques included purposive and simple random sampling supported by face to face interviews with key informants and questionnaires. Results from the study indicated that information regarding violence against women was not adequately disseminated, thus, leading to the prevalence of high cases of abuse. It was also found out that the various means of communication used to spread information about violence against women were in most cases not accessed by the Batwa community, and thus, creating a very big gap in the creation of knowledge or awareness on the levels of violence against women. What other communities see as a sign of violence against women, the Batwa perceive it as a sign of love and discipline within their community, especially, domestic and sexual violence. Thus, the study found out that any information that is passed on in any other form other than face to face meetings is not accessed by the Batwa community. Their culture is also still strong in contributing to high levels of violence against women. The researcher recommends that efforts in a bid to ensure that violence against women within the Batwa community is addressed and it requires that all approaches and methods that appreciate the cultural set up should be embraced if the Batwa Community are to appreciate the development within their settings. This includes streamlining the performance and delivery of duty bearers within the Batwa community that seem not to offend them in realising the government concerns on violence against women. Key Words: Violence, Women among, Kisoro District.
Examining Civil Leaders’ Opinion on the Regulation of the Freedom to Assemble and Associate by the Public Order Management Act: A Case Study of Lira Municipality Lira District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2014) Odwar, Denis
ODWAR DENIS (2014-MO62-20011) Examining Civil Leaders’ Opinion on the Regulation of the Freedom to Assemble and Associate by the Public Order Management Act: A Case Study of Lira Municipality Lira District. The study examined the opinions of Civil Leaders on the regulation of the exercise of freedom to assemble and freedom of association in Uganda by the Public Order Management Act (POMA) (2013). In particular, the study examined the opinion of civil leaders on the intent, interpretation, and enforcement of POMA (2013) on the regulation of the exercise of freedom to assemble and freedom to associate. A qualitative research approach using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions was mainly applied to obtain information. A sample of 92 respondents was selected using a purposive sampling technique. The data was analysed using content analysis method. The findings of the study reveal that 74% of the civil leaders who participated in this research complied with the POMA‟s requirement of giving notice to the relevant authority before organising and holding public meetings, and assemblies. However, only 28% of the civil leaders expressed awareness of the content of the POMA (2013). This may imply that civil leaders have poor interpretation of the Act and also the way it is being enforced. Sixty seven percent of the civil leaders had the opinion that the Act is interfering with the activities of the opposition politicians of holding public rallies and assemblies in their constituencies. The study recommends that the procedure required for conducting public gatherings should end with giving notice to the police. The power of allowing or disallowing public gathering is being misused, and thus, should not be vested in the Inspector General of Police (IGP) or the authorised officer, as the Act says. There should be more sensitisation on POMA (2013) and the Act should be translated into local languages for easy access and understanding by uneducated people, and for the POMA (2013) to be enforced and applied in a non-selective manner to all. Key Word: Civil Leaders’ Opinion, Public Order Management Act, Lira District.
Examining the Tensions between the Mothers’ Right to Work and the Children’s Right to Care with Specific Reference to Lubaga Division.
(2014) Nakayabwe, Lule Diana
NAKAYABWE LULE DIANA (2014 – M062 – 20014) Examining the Tensions between the Mothers’ Right to Work and the Children’s Right to Care with Specific Reference to Lubaga Division. The study examined tensions between mothers‟ right to work and the children‟s right to care which are seen to be conflicting rights. The research was carried out in Lubaga division where mothers working in formal sectors were interviewed and gave their experience and how they handle both rights. Key informants from Raising Voices, an organisation that promotes both children and women‟s rights were also interviewed and these talked in regard to the children‟s right to care considering that children below five years are vulnerable and not in position to speak. The objectives of the research were to find out how mothers are handling both roles, working and taking care of their children, to determine the effects of the mothers‟ right to work on children‟s right to care and to find out if mothers are aware of policies at their places of work that enable them enjoy their right to work. Many mothers interviewed were aware of both rights: their right to work and the children‟s right to care. Majority looked at care in terms of provisions of basic necessities like food, shelter, medical treatment and others. Just a few of them brought out the element of love, intimacy and being physically around in their toddlers‟ lives as a need that many children are lacking because the mothers are working. Mothers expressed the challenges they face as they balance both rights which included: lack of support from husbands where some of them don‟t appreciate the need of their wives to work, helpers commonly known as maids who always have a negative attitude towards house work and sometimes no love for children. Some places of work don‟t appreciate the fact that some of these women have young children who need ample time with their mothers; the policies exist but not implemented which has led to tension between the two rights. Mothers are recommended to have priorities; they should balance work and showing motherly love to their children. They need to understand that both rights are important and should find means of having consensus to enable enjoyment of both rights. All people in the circles have a role to play, that is, the families and the employers. Fathers in the family need to take children as a collective responsibility and employers need to understand that a woman has other responsibilities apart from her official duties. Key Words: Mothers, Right , Work, Children, Lubaga Division.
An Assessment of the Accessibility of Health Services for Hard to Reach Areas: A Case Study of Bugala Island in Kalangala District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2014) Masiko, David V.
MASIKO DAVID VIDMAS (2014-M062-20005) An Assessment of the Accessibility of Health Services for Hard to Reach Areas: A Case Study of Bugala Island in Kalangala District. The research focuses on assessing the accessibility of health services in the hard to reach areas with specific focus on Bugala Island in Kalangala District. A clear background and significance of the study has been done specifically focusing on the target area by deriving literature that points to the area of study. The legal frame work of the study was supported by making reference to the 1995 Constitution of the republic of Uganda and other acts of parliament. The problem statement literally brings to light the need for this research. In this case, the problem is that Kalangala is actually a hard to reach area which brings into question how access to health is managed through the delivery of services. There are four objectives addressed in this research; 1) to establish whether grass-root consultations are carried out during national budget development processes. This is mainly to assess government deliberate efforts to prioritise service delivery and how this translates into access to health services; 2) how the health facilities HCII and HCIII handle referral cases. This is mainly to see how health services address real health issues which is an accessibility issue; 3) whether there are factors affecting sufficiency of medical personnel; addressing Human Resource allocation to justify access to health and 4) to recommend methods of improving on health service delivery in hard to reach areas. The conceptual scope, geographical and time scope (8months research) is emphasised. The justification of the study is mainly to look into the policy framework and ascertain whether this can be used as a platform to influence government policy on allocation of resources for hard to reach areas. The conceptual framework is drawn based on the research topic with clear independent variables (e.g. budget prioritisation; transport, communication); Intervening Variables (e.g. Governance) and dependent variables (e.g. Lack of drugs; death). The research adopts the descriptive study approach where it considers both the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the samples to be investigated. The research uses two sampling methods (snowball and purposive sampling) to select 44 respondents i.e. 15men, 20 women, 5 Health In-charges, 3 Local Council Chairpersons and 1 District Health Officer. The data collection method is through key informant interviews for all the respondents using interview guides, questionnaires and observation as key instruments. The data were analysed using Ms Excel where 37 tables, figures and graphs used to further illustrate the findings. The findings in this chapter clearly show that; the budgeting process is fully participatory at local government levels involving local politicians like councillors and most importantly community members. However, the analysis shows that the consultations are carried out but not followed through to the implementation level; the referral system in Bugala mainly depends on Masaka Referral hospital which is off the main island and there is no definite system in place to know whether referral cases actually reach their destinations; there is no water ambulance to ensure that emergency cases reach referral centres; lack of proper transportation and the expensive nature of transport are the main constraints facing the referral system. Most of the recommendations and conclusions are made in light of improving service delivery through policy reform. And so the conclusion made shows that the men and women of Bugala Island do not have access to health services mainly because they are in a hard to reach environment. Whereas there is an indication that the government makes grass-root consultation, the level of these consultations translating into development planning is detached. The interpretation here is that; the failure to provide proper access to health services in Bugala Island only mounts to violations of Human Rights where the right to health, information, and right from discrimination are all classified as violations. Key Words: Health Services, Kalangala District.
The Influence of Gender-based Violence on Women Involvement in Criminal Acts in Uganda: A Case Study of Luzira Women Prison.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2013) Asiimwe, Kazoora Doreen
ASIIMWE KAZOORA DOREEN (2013-M062-20016) The Influence of Gender-based Violence on Women Involvement in Criminal Acts in Uganda: A Case Study of Luzira Women Prison. The study was carried out in order to assess the influence of gender based violence on women criminality in Uganda using a case study of women in Luzira prison. The specific objectives of the study were: to indentify the nature and forms of gender based violence faced by women in Uganda; to examine the extent of female criminality in Uganda and to assess the influence of gender based violence on female criminality in Uganda. The study was conducted using a cross sectional research design. The study had 30 respondents from the targeted population of 37 while using qualitative research methods. At the end of the study, it was found out that there is a high rate of gender based violence faced by women in Uganda and these were mostly exemplified in physical, socio-emotional, economic and sexual domestic violence. Secondly, it was found out that there is a growing extent of female criminality in Uganda which is mostly done in form of theft, abortion, shoplifting, prostitution, child abuse and assault. Thirdly, the study discovered that gender based violence is among the primary factors behind women criminality in Uganda. It was, thus, concluded that gender based violence generally influences women criminality in Uganda. Therefore, this study recommends that there is a need to empower women through training in order to see themselves as important stakeholders in contributing to household income and expenses in order to enhance their status and self-worth in marriage and family life. Key Words: Gender-based Violence, Criminal Acts, Luzira Women Prison.
Politics and Ethnic Conflict: The Influence of Political Manipulation in the Polarisation of Ethnic Communities in Harugali, Bundibungyo District, Western Uganda.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2012) Odur, William, Ongoro
ODUR WILLIAM ONGORO PETER (2012-M161-10010) Politics and Ethnic Conflict: The Influence of Political Manipulation in the Polarisation of Ethnic Communities in Harugali, Bundibungyo District, Western Uganda Resolving ethnic conflicts across the world has been a challenge. Indeed, more than a decade now in the 21st century multifaceted ethnic conflicts associated with politics and State intervention in the context of struggles for self-governance, social and economic independence, and recognition and preservation of self-identity. These ethnic conflicts pose a threat to States‟ security, political, social and economic stability. We witness also this in the case of Uganda, in particular the Rwenzori region where ethnic tensions take a drastic move between the Bamba-Babwsisi and Bakonzo communities in Bundibugyo district. 208 The purpose of this study is to analytically explore the influence of political manipulation in the polarisation of ethnic communities in Harugali sub-county, Bundibugyo district of western Uganda. The study aimed specifically at establishing the elements of political manipulation of ethnic differences in the polarisation of ethnic communities in Harugali sub-county; to find out the reactions to political manipulation of ethnic difference, and to establish measures for managing reactions to political manipulation by the ethnic communities. The study was a qualitative research with a single case study on individuals‟ perceptions and interpretation on the question of political manipulation of ethnic difference leading to the ethnic tensions. Interviews and focus group discussions were methods used for collecting data for the study. The study found that the core elements of political manipulation as means of achieving political interests include demand for self-governance and recognition of social, economic, cultural and political right of formation of kingdoms, or demand for a new district. The study found out that stereotyping as an instrument or element of political manipulation for political interests fueled the ethnic conflict between Bamba-Babwisi in Bundibugyo district. The study also established that land is a major issue especially on the question of geopolitical boundaries between the ethnic communities pressed by the high demand for resources and creation of a new district advocated by the politicians. The study ascertained that there were ineffective measures for managing the tensions caused by a number of factors such as fear of political heresy against the government, strong attachment to one’s ethnic group, and fear of being considered too soft and submissive to the interest of a particular ethnic group. And that the government used repression and militarily force as a measure to reduce the tensions between the Bakonzo and Bamba-Babwisi ethnic communities in Harugali, Bundibugyo district. The study generally concludes that in pursuit of their political interests, politicians politicise and manipulate ethnicity for the sake of power and other socio-economic, cultural and political gains. The political interests are achieved through ethnic mobilisation and other means to demand for self-governance, formation and recognition of kingdoms as well as creation of new district for the realisation of these huge economic, social, cultural and political benefits. Key: words: Conflict, Ethnic, Political, Polarisation, Manipulate, Influence, Bakonzo, Bamba
Coping with Civilian Life: Strategies Adopted by Returnee Lord’s Resistance Army Abductees in Nwoya District, Northern Uganda.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2011) Nyakana, Claire
NYAKANA CLAIRE (2011-M161-10007) Coping with Civilian Life: Strategies Adopted by Returnee Lord’s Resistance Army Abductees in Nwoya District, Northern Uganda The twenty years of war between Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA-rebel group) and the Uganda Government was dominated by massive killing and suffering, which were aggravated more by abduction of children across the affected region. This is why the bulk of the LRA strength came from children and youth forced to join its military ranks. These constituted around 80% of their forces. The study aimed at finding out how former abductees in the war-affected northern Uganda region are either helping themselves or being helped to cope with the challenges of civilian life after experiences of war. The study took a mixed research methodology, adopting a case study research design, thus having Nwoya district as the case to study. The study worked around three objectives, from which research questions were delivered, these are; 1. To identify the challenges faced by returnee LRA abductees in coping with civilian life; 2. To identify the strategies adopted by returnee LRA abductees to cope with the challenges involved in adapting to civilian life; and 3. To identify the support strategies put in place by the community to help returnee LRA rebels to cope with the challenges they experience in adapting to civilian life. Findings show that former abductees in Sierra Leone, Northern Uganda, Liberia and elsewhere take their own initiatives to fit or be accepted into their communities but, local communities, civil society organisations and central governments also use certain mechanisms and strategies to reintegrate former abductees into their communities after war. Challenges faced by former abductees in northern Uganda included; stigmatisation, pressure to join the national army, fear for revenge from their communities, lack of income and land among others. However, strategies like seeking reconciliation and forgiveness, enrolling in schools, and seeking counselling services are among the strategies that were adopted by returnee former abductees in their effort to fit into post-war communities. Similarly, local communities, NGO‟s and government departments have helped the returnees through provision of farm inputs, counselling services, humanitarian assistance, re-uniting them with their families, and community justice and reconciliation measures. The study, therefore, recommended that the government of Uganda, civil society organisations and local communities need to seriously get involved in promoting transitional justice in northern Uganda, and reconciliation processes which are culturally informed. This will help in forgiveness and acceptance of the returnee abductees as members of their communities. Since this may reduce the stigma and the fear returnees receive from members of their communities. Key words: Adopt, Resistance, Abduct, Army, Civilian
Creation of Cultural Institutions and Ethnic Conflicts between the Bakonzo and Basongora in Muhokya Sub-county, Kasese District: A Case Study of Rwenzururu and Busongora Kingdoms.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2012) Natukunda, Midius
NATUKUNDA MIDIUS (2012-161-10008) Creation of Cultural Institutions and Ethnic Conflicts between the Bakonzo and Basongora in Muhokya Sub-county, Kasese District: A Case Study of Rwenzururu and Busongora Kingdoms Since the restoration of kingdoms in Uganda in 1993, the communities where these cultural institutions are found are gradually experiencing conflict. These types of conflicts have been experienced in Buganda, Ankole, Busoga, Bunyoro and recently in Rwenzururu kingdom. These conflicts which have taken different shapes and dimensions have resulted into hatred, violence and destruction of property. This has made the present study imperative. The study was, therefore, interested in looking at the relationship between cultural institutions and conflict in Muhokya sub-county in Kasese district. The study used Rwenzururu kingdom and Busongora kingdom as case studies. I have adopted the insights of the realistic conflict theory to theorise the nature and understanding of the conflict. The research also looks at ways in which the conflict can be resolved as well as possible ways through which the affected communities can co-exist peacefully. The study used qualitative research methods to collect and analyse both primary and secondary data. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were used to collect primary data. Secondary data were collected by way of reviewing documents from previous studies. Qualitative data were then analysed thematically. From the study, the respondents agreed almost unanimously that the nature of the conflicts in Kasese is a result of conflicting cultural institutions. This also means that there is a close relationship between cultural institutions and ethnic conflict between Basongora and Bakonzo. Although respondents were somewhat divided on who to blame for the cause of the conflict, they agreed that there is nothing the two cultural institutions are doing to resolve the conflict and that there cannot be peaceful co-existence between the two ethnic groups as long as they are still in the same geographical location. In spite of the small sample, I argue herein that there is a strong connection between cultural institutions and ethnic conflict, but there still remains a challenge on what possible ways to resolve the conflict. Key words: Institutions, Cultural, Conflict, Bakonzo, Basongora, Rwenzururu, Kingdom
Ethnic Kingship and Inter-Ethnic Relations: Assessing Ethnic Conflicts of the Rwenzori Region of Western Uganda.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2012) Ayaa, Doreen, Brenda
AYAA DOREEN BRENDA (2012-M161-10003) Ethnic Kingship and Inter-Ethnic Relations: Assessing Ethnic Conflicts of the Rwenzori Region of Western Uganda In the earlier years of the 20th century, kingdoms expanded in their territorial boundaries through annexation of other lands. In the process, a kingdom would be encompassed by many cultural and different ethnic groupings. Today, however, contrary to this, what we see in Uganda is that, kingdoms and other cultural institutions are formed basing on ethnicity with different ethnic groups breaking away from their former entities to form their own cultural institutions on grounds that they have different cultures. This has given rise to what this study terms ethnic kingships. From this study, it is evident that ethnic kingship has proven to be a common source of conflict in different communities within Uganda such as the Rwenzori Region, Bunyoro kingdom, Buganda kingdom as well as the northern Region of the country. Since its restoration in 2009, the Obusinga cultural institution has been at the centre of conflict in the Rwenzori Region as other ethnicities in 205 the same Region have often opposed the one ethnic (Konjo) kingship in favour of having their own kings. The study focused on assessing the impact of ethnic kingship and its relations with the ethnic conflicts of the Rwenzori Region of western Uganda with focus on the Obusinga cultural institution and inter-ethnic relations. It was guided by three objectives; determining how ethnic kingship contributes to the ethnic conflict in Rwenzori Region, assessing the levels of ethnic conflict in Rwenzori Region and, suggesting ways in which ethnicities can live together in Rwenzori Region. The study revealed that ethnic kingship has indeed had an impact on subjects of the Obusinga bwa Rwenzururu to the extent of getting an assailable idea of forming a state called the YIRA state republic. The segregation of the institution in its operations and forceful imposition of the Bakonjo culture and leadership on the different ethnicities has influenced the different ethnicities to form separate entities where they could be in position to promote their own cultures, languages and be autonomous in their decisions. For a peaceful Uganda, the study recommends formation of cultural institutions by the different ethnicities, government intervention, mediation and dialogue among elders as a way forward for reconciliation to take place in the Rwenzori Region in order for the different ethnicities to co-exist. This brings in a wider consideration on other culture institutions in Uganda as it poses a question whether it is necessary for Uganda to have ethnicities with kings and whether for a united Uganda these separatisms are necessary. Key words: Ethnic, Conflict, Rwenzori, Bakonzo, Bamba
Politics and the Shaping of Ethnic Conflict among Bamba and Bakonjo Community in Bundibugyo District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2012) Angee, Beatrice
ANGEE BEATRICE (2012-M-I6I-10001) Politics and the Shaping of Ethnic Conflict among Bamba and Bakonjo Community in Bundibugyo District The study explores politics and the shaping of ethnic conflict among Bakonjo and Bamba communities in Bundibugyo. It was prompted by the protracted tribal conflict between the Bamba and Bakonjo over contested space in cultural institution. The study was guided by examining the way political growth has impacted on ethnic conflict; the political attempts are used in resolving ethnic conflicts and to suggest ways on how politics can be an instrument of peace in resolving ethnic conflict. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed to enhance data collection at a single point in time. The study tested the inter-item consistency reliability using Cronbach alpha. The data were collected from a target population of 80 out of which 66 questionnaires were returned fully answered. Purposive and systematic random sampling were used. Frequency tables and charts were used to present data. The study findings on political growth were; ethnic conflict is still underway, independence of the nation insignificantly reduced on ethnic conflict and democratic rule in the country increased tribal conflict; On political attempts, it was found out that peace and conflict resolution programmes in place are not equipped enough to curb the ethnic conflict. Education has not done much to make known the effects of the tribal conflict. On suggested ways to avert the ethnic conflict; cultural institution be granted. The government should play a vital role in reducing the ethnic conflict through direct involvement in peace talks. The notable recommendation on political growth was that government of Uganda should get involved and possibly get a mediator from outside the region of Rwenzori. People should be sensitised on the disasters of an ethnic conflict. On Political attempts; Bamba should be granted their own kingdom and demarcation of their land. Curriculum should be improved so as to cater for peaceful co-existence. On suggested ways; Bamba should be allowed to elect their leader. Peace building institutions should be aided and the government should make effort to put boundaries on land allocated to ethnic groups. Key words: Politics, Ethnic, Conflict, Bakonzo, Bamba, Community
Transforming Memories: Bridging the Past and the Future of Post-war Communities through Memorisation and Reconciliation: A Case Study of Barlonyo Lira District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2011) Alany, Joel, Okwir
ALANY JOEL OKWIR (2011-M161-10002) Transforming Memories: Bridging the Past and the Future of Post-war Communities through Memorisation and Reconciliation: A Case Study of Barlonyo Lira District Transforming memory after conflict is a difficult issue. It requires patience, strength, flexibility, and enormous amount of courage and strategies to face the challenges of emotional and psychological trauma that was absorbed. In this study, it is clear that the way in which the past is remembered can re-traumatise victim communities. The study explored collective memory in Barlonyo, in a bid to stage negotiations over the war memories and massacre trauma. It was emphasised that the way an event is (a massacre) remembered should be more important than „the event‟ being remembered, if the process of remembering is to contribute positively to the post-conflict recovery process. This study investigated ways through which war memories can be transformed to heal post-war communities with focus on Barlonyo Village, Agweng Sub-county, Lira district in Northern Uganda. Attention was given to identifying the state of affairs which led to bitter memories in post-massacre situations, and on the role of remembrance in reconciliation and community transformation. Given the nature of the study and its requirement, a qualitative research approach was used in the context of a case-study research design. Purposive and stratified purposive sampling techniques were used to select respondents for the study. These were by use of in-depth interviews and focus group discussion research methods and their corresponding research tools that is; in-depth interview guides and focus group discussion guides. Study findings show that memory-making has taken place through memorials, monument, and ceremonies, and these have taken place in media and social discourses since the end of the northern Uganda war in 2006. In this study, these processes have been analysed in the context of vast body of literature on psycho-social framework of personal and collective memory. These suggest measures to remember well, to transform and reconcile the victims and survivors; the study looks into the possibility of applying them to the situation of Barlonyo. The massacre victims and survivals in Barlonyo, however, are still discounted with conflicting narratives of what happened, which is a hindrance to the transformation of memory. It is, therefore, important to harmonise these contending narratives in the aftermath of the traumatic event for better results. Thus, many cited collective and truthful remembrance as key to the healing and transformation of memories of the painful past. Key words: Post-war, Reconciliation
Ethnic Land Conflict in the Rwenzori Lowlands: towards a Peaceful Land use between the Bakonjo and the Basongora in Nyakatonzi Sub-county, Kasese District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2011) Akello, Monica
AKELLO MONICA (2012-M161-10011) Ethnic Land Conflict in the Rwenzori Lowlands: towards a Peaceful Land use between the Bakonjo and the Basongora in Nyakatonzi Sub-county, Kasese District Conflicts over land are common throughout history in most human societies more especially in Africa. This is because land is more than just land since it has economic, cultural or religious and social significance in their lives. More to this in Africa, land is also is a major point of independence. So, these various attached significances to land make land conflict very common among African societies. This study, however, was geared towards exploring possible means of enforcing peaceful land use of the Rwenzori low lands between the Bakonjo and the Basongora. In light of this, the study also established the factors hindering the peaceful land use of the Rwenzori low lands between the Bakonjo and the Basongora; it also assessed the impacts of the land conflict on the Bakonjo and the Basongora, and also examined the interventions that have been taken to stop the ethnic land conflict between the Bakonjo and the Basongora. Given the nature of the study which required exploring possible means of enforcing peaceful land use of the Rwenzori low lands between the Bakonjo and the Basongora, a qualitative research approach was used. The study also used case-study research design. With regards to sample techniques, purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used. For the data collection tools and instruments, the researcher used a focus group discussion where a focus group discussion guide was designed to collect the data. The second tool and instrument which was used was interviews where the researcher designed an interview guide to collect data from the respective respondents. As regards to exploring the peaceful means of enforcing the peaceful land use of the Rwenzori low lands between the Bakonjo and the Basongora which was the major objective, the respondents suggested that the Basongora should be taught zero grazing to minimize on the movements which they believe is fueling the land conflict. Other respondents argued that there should be a separation of the district so that the Bakonjo and the Basongora are separated. The respondents also suggested that the government should hand over some government controlled land to the people in order to increase the little land available. The study also found that there was need for re-demarcation of the land to separate the Bakonjo and the Basongora’s land. The respondents also called on the use of dialogue between the cultural leaders of the conflicting parties so that the conflict can be resolved. Finally, in enforcing peaceful land use of the low lands between the Bakonjo and the Basongora, the study found out that there is need for good governance to prevail. It should be noted that in the study, much as exploring the peaceful means of enforcing the peaceful land use of the Rwenzori low lands between the Bakonjo and the Basongora is the main objective of the study, the researcher presents it last for easy follow up. The researcher thought it better to first establish the factors hindering the peaceful land use of the Rwenzori low lands between the Bakonjo and the Basongora, then assess the impact of the ethnic land conflict on the Bakonjo and the Basongora and also examine the interventions that were taken in trying to resolve the land conflict between the Bakonjo and the Basongora and finally explore the peaceful means of enforcing the peaceful land use of the Rwenzori low lands between the Bakonjo and the Basongora. It should also be noted that in the study, the factors hindering the peaceful land use of the Rwenzori lowlands between the Bakonjo and the Basongora are also referred to as the factors fueling the ethnic land conflict between the Bakonjo and the Basongora. Key words: Conflict, Ethnic, Rwenzori, Bakonzo, Basongora, Land
Effects of the Coordination and Harmony of Political and Civil Leaders on Service Delivery: A Case Study of Political and Civil Leaders in Mbarara District
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2007) Kandole, Clement
KANDOLE CLEMENT (2007-MO83-10004) Effects of the Coordination and Harmony of Political and Civil Leaders on Service Delivery: A Case Study of Political and Civil Leaders in Mbarara District Uganda has been implementing a decentralisation system of governance using a dual power system in which political and civil leaders are involved in local governance. This study was carried out to assess the coordination and harmony between the two in the dual power decentralisation system. The objectives of the study were to identify the level of awareness of the political and civil leaders of their roles in service delivery, to assess the harmony and coordination that exists between the political and civil leaders, to ascertain the effect of disharmony on service delivery and to suggest possible ways of increasing harmony and coordination in the dual power system of decentralizstion. The study was carried out in Mbarara district. Three sub-counties of Kakiika, Rubaya and Kakoba were randomly selected for the study. Respondents included political leaders and civil servants both at the district and sub-county and members of the general public. Focus group discussions were used to collect data from community members while semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data from political and civil leaders. The study found out low levels of awareness of their roles among political leaders. Harmony and coordination between political and civil leaders, which are critical to effective service delivery in Uganda under a dual power governance system, is also lacking. Such lack of harmony and coordination has serious implications on accountability. As a result, conflict between civil servants and political leaders was a common occurrence which greatly affects service delivery. The study concludes that a dual power governance system remains a challenge in regard to coordination and harmony of political and civil leaders leading to ineffective service delivery. Educational requirements of political leaders need to be increased. There is also need to redesign roles to address the overlaps in responsibilities. Key Words: Coordination, Harmony, Political, civil Leaders, Service Delivery, Mbarara District.
An Assessment of Governance Reforms and Women’s Participation in Enhancing Public Sector Accountability: A Case Study of Nama Sub-County, Mukono District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2007) Turyatemba, Moses
TURYATEMBA MOSES (2007-M083-10008) An Assessment of Governance Reforms and Women’s Participation in Enhancing Public Sector Accountability: A Case Study of Nama Sub-County, Mukono District. The study assessed governance reforms and women‟s participation in public sector accountability in Nama sub-county, Mukono district. Specifically, the study sought to assess:- women‟s participation in the exercise of administrative/managerial authority in local governance; how women‟s participation in public sector accountability enhances good governance and effective social service delivery, and has shown evidence of best practices of governance reforms by women in the district. The study employed a qualitative design combining in-depth interviews with key informants, focus group discussions with community members and a review of secondary data. The main findings show that women were involved in politics and contributed to good governance in Nama sub-county. Women were effective and efficient leaders who exhibited good virtues: patience, commitment, hard work and being good listeners. Their role(s) in public sector accountability were vividly shown through promotion of children‟s education, better social services delivery and fostering community self-help initiatives. With regard to good governance, women leaders caused the planning and implementation of development programmes. Besides serving to provide arenas for local democratic community participation in governance, women contributed to among others gender balance in local councils; more effective and efficient leadership; improved community access to and utilisation of social services. However, the study found that effective women‟s participation in politics and good governance was influenced by socio-cultural, economic and political factors such as: gender biase and social prejudices, unfair division of household labour, unequal power relations, low literacy level and corruption. The study recommends the need to open up further opportunities for women to have full rights and benefit from good governance through increased access to information; provision and improvement of social services. There is also need to extend finance and credit facilities to women to enable them engage in income generating activities (IGAs). The study also recommends that government should put in place measures to promote and sustain women‟s meaningful participation in all governance structures. For further research, the study suggests the need to examine specific programmes initiated by local governments to initiate and promote gender issues at community and household levels. Secondly, there is need to conduct a comparative study of socio-cultural implications of women‟s and men‟s participation in governance on household gender relations in Uganda. Thirdly, further research should be carried out to investigate and document contextual factors that influence women‟s roles in politics and participation in local governance. Key Words: Assessment, Governance Reforms, Women participation, Public Sector, Mukono District
Land Tenure System and its Effects on Urban Development: A Case Study of Land Tenure System in Ntungamo Town Council.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2007) Bakeyoreka, David
BAKEYOREKA DAVID (2007-M083-10002) Land Tenure System and its Effects on Urban Development: A Case Study of Land Tenure System in Ntungamo Town Council. The research sought to assess land tenure system and its effects on urban development with a specific focus on Ntungamo Town Council. The study gives a detailed background concept of the land tenure systems in Uganda and looks at land ownership and land use patterns in Ntungamo Town Council. The study examined land ownership by developers, the general land use patterns, constraints of land use planning and management policies and planning measures on how best to handle land tenure systems. The study used a case study design with both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study used a sample of 175 persons who were selected using purposive sampling techniques and simple random sampling. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaire methods and interviews. The data were organised in MS Excel and then transferred to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 12.0 for purposes of descriptive results. Interpretative and thematic approaches were used to analyse qualitative data. The study findings revealed that the ownership of layout is dominated by the family and private individuals. The land tenure system was found to affect the development of the town since the owners of land do not usually sell land to developers and some times the price value is high. In conclusion, therefore, it was found out that the land tenure system affects Ntungamo‟s urban development. The recommendations were also highlighted that there should be proper urban planning policies and management measures that can drive the development of Ntungamo Town Council together with the cooperation of local leaders. Key Words: Land Tenure System, Urban Development, Ntungamo
Assessing the Impact of Child labour on Children’s Welfare in Tobacco Growing Areas in Uganda: A Case Study of Masindi District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Kato, Gerald
KATO GERALD (2006-MO83-10018) Assessing the Impact of Child labour on Children’s Welfare in Tobacco Growing Areas in Uganda: A Case Study of Masindi District. This study focused on the impact of child labour on children‟s welfare in tobacco growing areas in Uganda. The study was based on a review of existing literature and actual fieldwork carried out in Masindi district of Uganda. It sought to: (a) explore the factors that are responsible for children engaging into tobacco growing; (b) assess the impact of child labour on children‟s welfare or socio-economic development in tobacco growing areas; (c) establish the policies and laws that protect children against child labour; and (d) make suggestions that will reduce child labour in Masindi district. The study was carried out in Masindi district, one of the districts with the highest proportion of child labourers working in agricultural plantations. In this study, in-depth interviews and focus group methods were used to collect qualitative data. Evidence from the study confirmed that many children were engaged in child labour in tobacco growing areas in Masindi district. Various factors contribute to children working as child labourers on tobacco farms and central to these factors given were: the irresponsibility of their parents and/or guardians who were hardly bothered about school and instead preferred their children to make money out of child labour; and weak implementation of policy and legal framework of child labour related legal instruments at grassroot level. It was established that there was limited logistical support to enable the responsible parties to implement these laws and policies leading to the increase in child labour. With regard to the various factors that are responsible for child labour, the study showed that various negative impacts on child labourers‟ health, education and social development have been witnessed. These impacts have tremendously affected the optimal developmental background of child labourers and thus denying them the opportunity to prepare and equip themselves academically, socially, and emotionally for the future. The study also showed that even the existing policies and laws that protect child labour in Uganda have not been applied in reality in that they inadequately address child rights issues which deny them the opportunity to live as children and have not afforded them equal access to opportunities as compared to other sectors in Uganda. The cost implication of this has been many children engaging in child labour which has got terrible negative impacts on the child‟s social development. If government sensitised society about the laws and policies related to child labour and set up rules and regulations to guide the implementation of these laws and policies, it is certain that children would not fall victims of child labour. Various suggestions were made in the study to curb child labour in tobacco growing areas and central to this was the elimination of child labour in tobacco farms. In order to achieve this, child labourers proposed that government should: establish strict laws on child labour; put a mechanism in place to limit the size of tobacco farms to manageable levels in order to reduce the pressure on children to manage them; and sensitise and carry out advocacy campaigns against child labour on tobacco farms and that parents and guardians should seek alternative sources of labour. From the study, it is evident that the prevalence of child labour in tobacco growing areas undermines decent work, food security and child education which make child labour in tobacco growing farms very difficult to tackle and eliminate. This has led to the elimination of child labour in tobacco growing areas to remain a challenge. Unless a concerted effort is made by stakeholders to address this problem, especially, its root causes such as poverty and food insecurity, the goal to eliminate child labour will be impossible to achieve. Key Words: Assessing, Child Labour, Tobacco growing, Masindi District.
Assessing the Accessibility to Secondary Education by the Physically Disabled Persons in Kabale Municipality, South Western Uganda
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2007) Byarugaba, Narcisio Bavuli
BYARUGABA NARCISIO BAVULI (2007-MO83-100102) Assessing the Accessibility to Secondary Education by the Physically Disabled Persons in Kabale Municipality, South Western Uganda The study assessed the accessibility to secondary education by the physically disabled persons in Kabale Municipality, South Western Uganda. The objectives of the study included examining the accessibility by the physically disabled persons to Secondary Schools; assessing people‟s attitudes towards the physically disabled persons; finding out the causes of their low enrolment in secondary schools; and devising strategies of enhancing human rights and increasing enrolment of physically disabled persons in schools. The data collection instruments were self-administered questionnaires which were distributed to the respondents at their work place by the researcher during working hours. Interview guides were also used. The interviews were conducted in the local language “Rukiga” and the responses recorded in English for easing communication. Finally, an observation checklist was used. The researcher conducted personal interviews and observation at the time other instruments were being distributed to respondents in their respective work places and homes. The collected data was manually analysed to obtain percentages and frequencies. The findings of the study revealed that peoples‟ attitudes towards the disabled persons were negative. Major causes of low enrolment in secondary schools included ignorance, lack of sensitisation, negative attitudes and not knowing the rights of the physically disabled persons. The strategies of enhancing human rights and increasing enrolment of physically disabled persons in Kabale municipality included: sensitising, counselling and educating the populace, religious leaders, political and civil leaders about the importance of educating disabled persons in an appropriate learning environment. Key Words: Accessibility, Secondary School, Physically Disabled Persons, Kabale Municipality.

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