School of Arts and Social Sciences

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Assessing the Impact of Child labour on Children’s Welfare in Tobacco Growing Areas in Uganda: A Case Study of Masindi District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2006) Kato, Gerald
KATO GERALD (2006-MO83-10018) Assessing the Impact of Child labour on Children’s Welfare in Tobacco Growing Areas in Uganda: A Case Study of Masindi District. This study focused on the impact of child labour on children‟s welfare in tobacco growing areas in Uganda. The study was based on a review of existing literature and actual fieldwork carried out in Masindi district of Uganda. It sought to: (a) explore the factors that are responsible for children engaging into tobacco growing; (b) assess the impact of child labour on children‟s welfare or socio-economic development in tobacco growing areas; (c) establish the policies and laws that protect children against child labour; and (d) make suggestions that will reduce child labour in Masindi district. The study was carried out in Masindi district, one of the districts with the highest proportion of child labourers working in agricultural plantations. In this study, in-depth interviews and focus group methods were used to collect qualitative data. Evidence from the study confirmed that many children were engaged in child labour in tobacco growing areas in Masindi district. Various factors contribute to children working as child labourers on tobacco farms and central to these factors given were: the irresponsibility of their parents and/or guardians who were hardly bothered about school and instead preferred their children to make money out of child labour; and weak implementation of policy and legal framework of child labour related legal instruments at grassroot level. It was established that there was limited logistical support to enable the responsible parties to implement these laws and policies leading to the increase in child labour. With regard to the various factors that are responsible for child labour, the study showed that various negative impacts on child labourers‟ health, education and social development have been witnessed. These impacts have tremendously affected the optimal developmental background of child labourers and thus denying them the opportunity to prepare and equip themselves academically, socially, and emotionally for the future. The study also showed that even the existing policies and laws that protect child labour in Uganda have not been applied in reality in that they inadequately address child rights issues which deny them the opportunity to live as children and have not afforded them equal access to opportunities as compared to other sectors in Uganda. The cost implication of this has been many children engaging in child labour which has got terrible negative impacts on the child‟s social development. If government sensitised society about the laws and policies related to child labour and set up rules and regulations to guide the implementation of these laws and policies, it is certain that children would not fall victims of child labour. Various suggestions were made in the study to curb child labour in tobacco growing areas and central to this was the elimination of child labour in tobacco farms. In order to achieve this, child labourers proposed that government should: establish strict laws on child labour; put a mechanism in place to limit the size of tobacco farms to manageable levels in order to reduce the pressure on children to manage them; and sensitise and carry out advocacy campaigns against child labour on tobacco farms and that parents and guardians should seek alternative sources of labour. From the study, it is evident that the prevalence of child labour in tobacco growing areas undermines decent work, food security and child education which make child labour in tobacco growing farms very difficult to tackle and eliminate. This has led to the elimination of child labour in tobacco growing areas to remain a challenge. Unless a concerted effort is made by stakeholders to address this problem, especially, its root causes such as poverty and food insecurity, the goal to eliminate child labour will be impossible to achieve. Key Words: Assessing, Child Labour, Tobacco growing, Masindi District.
Assessing the Accessibility to Secondary Education by the Physically Disabled Persons in Kabale Municipality, South Western Uganda
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2007) Byarugaba, Narcisio Bavuli
BYARUGABA NARCISIO BAVULI (2007-MO83-100102) Assessing the Accessibility to Secondary Education by the Physically Disabled Persons in Kabale Municipality, South Western Uganda The study assessed the accessibility to secondary education by the physically disabled persons in Kabale Municipality, South Western Uganda. The objectives of the study included examining the accessibility by the physically disabled persons to Secondary Schools; assessing people‟s attitudes towards the physically disabled persons; finding out the causes of their low enrolment in secondary schools; and devising strategies of enhancing human rights and increasing enrolment of physically disabled persons in schools. The data collection instruments were self-administered questionnaires which were distributed to the respondents at their work place by the researcher during working hours. Interview guides were also used. The interviews were conducted in the local language “Rukiga” and the responses recorded in English for easing communication. Finally, an observation checklist was used. The researcher conducted personal interviews and observation at the time other instruments were being distributed to respondents in their respective work places and homes. The collected data was manually analysed to obtain percentages and frequencies. The findings of the study revealed that peoples‟ attitudes towards the disabled persons were negative. Major causes of low enrolment in secondary schools included ignorance, lack of sensitisation, negative attitudes and not knowing the rights of the physically disabled persons. The strategies of enhancing human rights and increasing enrolment of physically disabled persons in Kabale municipality included: sensitising, counselling and educating the populace, religious leaders, political and civil leaders about the importance of educating disabled persons in an appropriate learning environment. Key Words: Accessibility, Secondary School, Physically Disabled Persons, Kabale Municipality.
An Assessment of Governance Reforms and Women’s Participation in Enhancing Public Sector Accountability: A Case Study of Nama Sub-County, Mukono District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2007) Turyatemba, Moses
TURYATEMBA MOSES (2007-M083-10008) An Assessment of Governance Reforms and Women’s Participation in Enhancing Public Sector Accountability: A Case Study of Nama Sub-County, Mukono District. The study assessed governance reforms and women‟s participation in public sector accountability in Nama sub-county, Mukono district. Specifically, the study sought to assess:- women‟s participation in the exercise of administrative/managerial authority in local governance; how women‟s participation in public sector accountability enhances good governance and effective social service delivery, and has shown evidence of best practices of governance reforms by women in the district. The study employed a qualitative design combining in-depth interviews with key informants, focus group discussions with community members and a review of secondary data. The main findings show that women were involved in politics and contributed to good governance in Nama sub-county. Women were effective and efficient leaders who exhibited good virtues: patience, commitment, hard work and being good listeners. Their role(s) in public sector accountability were vividly shown through promotion of children‟s education, better social services delivery and fostering community self-help initiatives. With regard to good governance, women leaders caused the planning and implementation of development programmes. Besides serving to provide arenas for local democratic community participation in governance, women contributed to among others gender balance in local councils; more effective and efficient leadership; improved community access to and utilisation of social services. However, the study found that effective women‟s participation in politics and good governance was influenced by socio-cultural, economic and political factors such as: gender biase and social prejudices, unfair division of household labour, unequal power relations, low literacy level and corruption. The study recommends the need to open up further opportunities for women to have full rights and benefit from good governance through increased access to information; provision and improvement of social services. There is also need to extend finance and credit facilities to women to enable them engage in income generating activities (IGAs). The study also recommends that government should put in place measures to promote and sustain women‟s meaningful participation in all governance structures. For further research, the study suggests the need to examine specific programmes initiated by local governments to initiate and promote gender issues at community and household levels. Secondly, there is need to conduct a comparative study of socio-cultural implications of women‟s and men‟s participation in governance on household gender relations in Uganda. Thirdly, further research should be carried out to investigate and document contextual factors that influence women‟s roles in politics and participation in local governance. Key Words: Assessment, Governance Reforms, Women participation, Public Sector, Mukono District
Effects of the Coordination and Harmony of Political and Civil Leaders on Service Delivery: A Case Study of Political and Civil Leaders in Mbarara District
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2007) Kandole, Clement
KANDOLE CLEMENT (2007-MO83-10004) Effects of the Coordination and Harmony of Political and Civil Leaders on Service Delivery: A Case Study of Political and Civil Leaders in Mbarara District Uganda has been implementing a decentralisation system of governance using a dual power system in which political and civil leaders are involved in local governance. This study was carried out to assess the coordination and harmony between the two in the dual power decentralisation system. The objectives of the study were to identify the level of awareness of the political and civil leaders of their roles in service delivery, to assess the harmony and coordination that exists between the political and civil leaders, to ascertain the effect of disharmony on service delivery and to suggest possible ways of increasing harmony and coordination in the dual power system of decentralizstion. The study was carried out in Mbarara district. Three sub-counties of Kakiika, Rubaya and Kakoba were randomly selected for the study. Respondents included political leaders and civil servants both at the district and sub-county and members of the general public. Focus group discussions were used to collect data from community members while semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data from political and civil leaders. The study found out low levels of awareness of their roles among political leaders. Harmony and coordination between political and civil leaders, which are critical to effective service delivery in Uganda under a dual power governance system, is also lacking. Such lack of harmony and coordination has serious implications on accountability. As a result, conflict between civil servants and political leaders was a common occurrence which greatly affects service delivery. The study concludes that a dual power governance system remains a challenge in regard to coordination and harmony of political and civil leaders leading to ineffective service delivery. Educational requirements of political leaders need to be increased. There is also need to redesign roles to address the overlaps in responsibilities. Key Words: Coordination, Harmony, Political, civil Leaders, Service Delivery, Mbarara District.
Land Tenure System and its Effects on Urban Development: A Case Study of Land Tenure System in Ntungamo Town Council.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2007) Bakeyoreka, David
BAKEYOREKA DAVID (2007-M083-10002) Land Tenure System and its Effects on Urban Development: A Case Study of Land Tenure System in Ntungamo Town Council. The research sought to assess land tenure system and its effects on urban development with a specific focus on Ntungamo Town Council. The study gives a detailed background concept of the land tenure systems in Uganda and looks at land ownership and land use patterns in Ntungamo Town Council. The study examined land ownership by developers, the general land use patterns, constraints of land use planning and management policies and planning measures on how best to handle land tenure systems. The study used a case study design with both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study used a sample of 175 persons who were selected using purposive sampling techniques and simple random sampling. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaire methods and interviews. The data were organised in MS Excel and then transferred to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 12.0 for purposes of descriptive results. Interpretative and thematic approaches were used to analyse qualitative data. The study findings revealed that the ownership of layout is dominated by the family and private individuals. The land tenure system was found to affect the development of the town since the owners of land do not usually sell land to developers and some times the price value is high. In conclusion, therefore, it was found out that the land tenure system affects Ntungamo‟s urban development. The recommendations were also highlighted that there should be proper urban planning policies and management measures that can drive the development of Ntungamo Town Council together with the cooperation of local leaders. Key Words: Land Tenure System, Urban Development, Ntungamo
Assessing Local Perceptions and Commitments to Peace Building, Conflict Resolution and Conflict Transformation: A Case Study of Teso and Karamoja Sub Regions.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2008) Osodo, Philip
OSODO PHILIP (2008-M083-10019) Assessing Local Perceptions and Commitments to Peace Building, Conflict Resolution and Conflict Transformation: A Case Study of Teso and Karamoja Sub Regions. The study set out to investigate the local perceptions and commitments to peace building, conflict resolution and conflict transformation in and between the cross-border resettlement communities of Iteso, Thur and Karimojong at Kapelebyong, Lokopo and Nyakwae sub-counties in Amuria, Napak and Abim districts in the Teso and Karamoja sub regions in North Eastern Uganda. It used a case study as its research design which employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches to data collection. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to establish the perceptions and commitments to peace building, conflict resolution and conflict transformation between and among pastoral communities in north eastern Uganda, especially the Karimojong and Iteso; to assess the attribution of different initiatives undertaken by different stakeholders to address the conflict between and among the Karimojong and Iteso of north eastern Uganda and; to suggest recommendations and best practices that could guide the future processes of addressing conflicts between and among pastoral communities especially those in north-eastern Uganda. The study found out that, telling the truth about wrong things committed, reconciling the conflicting parties, regular interactions through holding of dialogue meetings to discuss issues of common effect to the concerned communities, demystifying attitudes, beliefs, animosities, prejudices that create hatred and divide people in and between communities, offering and sharing of available material, moral, skill and spiritual assistance to and between people in need is crucial for sustainable peace building, conflict resolution and conflict transformation. The study concluded that, through combined efforts of government of Uganda and Non-Governmental Organisations, well-wishers, international community and the local communities, there is now relative peace; reintegration of the conflicting parties, restitution, restoration, rehabilitation, among people and the communities. However, there is need to sustain peace building capacities and structures that can prevent the conflict re-occurrences in the future. The study recommends that, the government of Uganda should mobilise resources locally and globally to facilitate the post-conflict re-construction programmes for Teso and Karamoja sub-regions. The government of Uganda should also demystify the growing cross-border land/line tensions between Teso and Karamoja. Key Words: Local Perceptions, Commitments, Peace Building, Conflict Resolution, Conflict Transformation, Karamoja Sub Regions.
An Assessment of Factor Affecting Utilisation of Family Planning Services among Women in Tororo District: A Case Study of Paya Sub-county.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2008) Akenya, Ochwo Jennipher
AKENYA OCHWO JENNIFER (2008-MO83-10003) An Assessment of Factors Affecting Utilisation of Family Planning Services among Women in Tororo District: A Case Study of Paya Sub-county. This study was carried out on family planning services utilisation among the populace of Paya Sub-county in Tororo District, Eastern Uganda. The research sought to analyse the nature of family planning services used the sub–county; the extent to which women utilise family planning services; the factors that affect utilisation of family planning services and suggestions for ways through which access and effective utilisation of the services can be improved. The research adopted the case study exploration design and utilised focus group discussion, interview, observation and documentary analysis data collection methods to gather data. The study established that the traditional methods of family planning were the most used within Paya sub-county followed by natural means. A number of women were not using any family planning methods while others simply abstained. Among the modern family planning methods used in the sub-county, condom use took the biggest share followed by pills, injectable, Norplant and Tube ligation respectively. The major factors affecting utilisation of family planning were mainly the need for more children and the general lack of information, fear for side effects, religious beliefs, myths and rumours. It was, however, suggested that provision of free family planning services, involving men in family planning activities and sensitisation of the communities could improve utilisation of the services in Paya sub-county. From the study, factors affecting the utilisation of family planning services are a combination of historical, social, economic, and religious factors. A number of approaches are needed to enable access and effective utilisation of family planning services. Further studies are suggested in the areas of the quality of family planning services rendered, the best practices in providing family planning services to rural people, and the extent to which health services are accessible to people in rural areas. Key Words: Family Planning Services, Women, Tororo District.
Determinant Factors for HIV Infection and Vulnerability among Married Returnee Internally Displaced Persons: A Case Study of Amida Sub-County in Kitgum District, Uganda
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2008) Adong, Beatrice Ocaya
ADONG BEATRICE OCAYA (2008-MOO83-10002) Determinant Factors for HIV Infection and Vulnerability among Married Returnee Internally Displaced Persons: A Case Study of Amida Sub-County in Kitgum District, Uganda The study focused on exploring the determinant factors for HIV infection and vulnerability among married returnee Internally Displaced People (IDP) in Amida sub-county in Kitgum district in Northern Uganda. The study applied a descriptive and exploratory approach into the phenomenon. The sample size was eighty (80) respondents (47 males and 33 females) from 7 villages in Amida sub-county. The study established several factors that make married couples among IDP returnees at risk and vulnerable to HIV infections in Amida sub-county. These factors include risky sexual behavioural practices among couples, attitudes, community beliefs, multiple sexual partners, poverty, divorce, prostitution, search for sexual satisfaction, ignorance, submissiveness of women, alcoholism, domestic violence, religious differences in the family, peer pressure, love for material things, unemployment, lack of self-control and discipline among HIV positively living persons. The effect of the risks and vulnerability to HIV is a human rights issue. Article 16 (1) of the African Charter on Human and People‟s Rights (ACHPR) states that human health is an inherent human right, and „every individual shall have the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health”. The right to health contains freedoms and entitlements. The freedoms include the right to control one‟s health and body, including sexual and reproductive freedom and the right to be free from interference (Ssenyonjo, 2003). According to the study, the factors for married IDP returnees being at risk and vulnerable to HIV are because human rights were not fully protected. Fourteen percent (14%) said that the infections were due to poverty and the LRA war, as a failure to protect civil and political rights. Eight percent (8%) of the respondent said the main reason for HIV infections was drunkenness and misunderstanding among married couples (men & women); 10% said that the infections were due to unfaithfulness, unprotected sex, domestic violence among married couples; 9% said the infections were due to wife inheritance; 22% said it was due to unprotected sex and mother-to-child transmissions (breast feeding); 17% said it was due to all the reasons given above. The national IDP Policy (2004) focuses on protection of the rights of IDPs to have better livelihoods after resettlement. In addition, the Uganda Human Rights Commission report1 (2008) to parliament highlighted HIV/AIDS as a human right issue and advocated for a human rights based approach in fighting the pandemic, more so with attention on mitigating the factors that cause increasing risky behaviours and vulnerability especially among the most at risk population, IDPs being inclusive. The study revealed that 46.25% of the respondents said the main mode was unprotected sex & mother-to-child transmission and 3.75% said they thought the main mode was unprotected sex. The UHRC recommendations include legislation of HIV/AIDS factors aggregating the transmission of HIV/AIDS, ART, freedom of expression, violation of right to education, inhuman and degrading treatment, privacy, discrimination. In comparison, the recommendations would help reduce on risk and vulnerability. In conclusion, human rights protection cuts across many spheres of life, protecting humans from the effects of HIV/AIDS are one of them (Mwagiru, 1997). The study specifically identified at least four or more activities done to fight HIV infections and spread of HIV/AIDS such as condom use, PMTCT, ART, ABC approach among others and attributed some achievements made to key factors such as donor supported projects in the region such as Northern Uganda Malaria AIDS and Tuberculosis (NUMAT) and the government of Uganda, in addition to requests for spearheading more initiatives and efforts to mitigate the risk and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infections among IDP returnees. Key Words: HIV Infection, Vulnerability, Married Displaced Persons, Kitgum District.
The Effect of Land Management Policy on Customary Land Practices in Amuru District: A Case Study of Amuru Sub-County.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2009) ocen, Fred Briyan
OCEN FRED BRIYAN (2009-M023-20011) The Effect of Land Management Policy on Customary Land Practices in Amuru District: A Case Study of Amuru Sub-County. In a country like Uganda whose backbone is agriculture, it requires a well-defined land management policies which promote private land rights and land tenure security to stimulate development and hence the wellbeing of landholders and the entire communities. The main aim of this study is to examine the effects of land management policy on customary land practices in Amuru district, with a case study of Amuru sub-county. The study sought to assess the effect of land management policies on customary land practices, with a specific focus on the nature of land management policies in Amuru, the nature of customary land practices in Amuru and the relationship between land management policies and customary land practices. Random sampling methods were used to collect data. A sample of eighty six (86) community members, government officials, and local council representative from the district land board, political leader, religious leader, and legal department were interviewed. The results from the data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Both qualitative and quantitative data was analysed. The study further established the effect of land management policies on customary land practices in Amuru sub-county as; good customary land practices as a result of land institution, how cases of land disputes were handled, the nature of ownership‟s which is communal in nature rather than clan, family or individual, collaboration among statutory land agencies and the communities which is poor; relationship between land management and land policy as a key factor, right to hire land and allocation of land, community views about investment plan by the government in Amuru sub-county was also a key factor. The research was a success with conclusive findings and it offered a greater scope for further investigation on the challenges identified during the study and it recommended that there should be enhancement of land registration procedure, the land rights in the region should be secured to promote investment, need to ensure better collaboration with statutory agencies where the community of the Amuru sub county, to effectively collaborate with the State land agencies. Organisation for more educational campaigns on issues relating to land tenure is most needed especially to be conducted by professional experts. Lastly, land registration should be promoted to enhance land security. Key Words: Land Management Policy, Customary Land Practices, Amuru District.
The Effects of State Land Policies, Reforms and Practices on Pastoralist Customary Land Tenure in Kotido District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2009) Odokorach, Shanty Francis
ODOKORACH SHANTY FRANCIS (2009-M033-20029) The Effects of State Land Policies, Reforms and Practices on Pastoralist Customary Land Tenure in Kotido District. The study was conducted in Kotido district from 2013 to 2014 to establish the effects of state land policies, reforms and practices introduced in Uganda particularly by the 1995 constitution and Land Act of 1995 on customary land tenure system of the pastoralists focusing on Kotido district. The study was mainly qualitative and involved 155 respondents. Much data was collected through 10 focus group discussions and 5 key informant interviews. The study established that customary land tenure is predominant in Kotido. But while it is predominant, it is undermined by the state land reforms. It challenges the government of Uganda for creating a state of dilemma for people in Kotido – in one part the government recognises the customary system and on the other hand undermines it by creating other structures which overwrites the customary structures such as the ‘akiriket’ or parliament of elders. This study challenges that the land reform was influenced by colonial position that aimed at abolishing customary tenure. This context is worsened by governments‟ negative position on pastoralism. It further warns of a costly mistake which the government shall have to address as a result of undermining customary tenure together with its associated pastoralism in Kotido. The study attempted to avoid the common mistakes of other studies in pastoral areas that were not based on deepening of the understanding of complexity in the pastoral system by ensuring the intricate relationship between customary tenure and pastoralism is consistently established throughout the study. It introduced a simple framework of approach based on four principles referred to as the 4D approach. Key Words: State Land Policies, Reforms, Pastoralist, Customary Land Tenure, Kotido District.
Examining the Persistence of Household Gender-Based Violence in Mityana District: A Case Study of Mityana Town Council.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2009) Kiwanuka, Joseph
KIWANUKA JOSEPH (2009-MO23-20009) Examining the Persistence of Household Gender-Based Violence in Mityana District: A Case Study of Mityana Town Council. The study examines the persistence of gender-based violence in households in Mityana town council. It was prompted by the cases of household violence that are unearthed by the mass media and records at Mityana police station, family protection Unit, which indicated that in 2012, a total of 201 cases of domestic violence were reported. This number was too high bearing in mind that many cases related to Gender-Based Violence (GBV) are not reported. Aware of the global and national interventions, persistence of GBV in Mityana town council created a great concern prompting for a study. The study intended to establish the persistence of GBV, nature of household gender-based violence, reasons for household gender-based violence, and measures taken to solve GBV in households in Mityana town council. A case study research design was used; the sample involved 51 respondents composed of victims of GBV, religious leaders, police officers, health officers, local council officials and community development officer from Mityana town council. All data was collected using questionnaires, interviews and group discussions and data was analysed using frequencies and percentages. The results revealed that there is misconception of social-economic dynamics in relation to the traditional gender requirements, weakness in domestic laws and their enforcement. The study revealed that violence in households is mainly due to mistrust, unfaithfulness and traditional attitudes in relation to men and women. Use of addictives, and handling of family issues all combine to breed into violence in homes in Mityana town council. The study recommended: empowering the communities for networking and interventions in fighting gender-based violence in households, to revisit domestic laws in line to their adequacy, awareness and enforcement and provide counselling to couples for reconciliation as strategies to fight persistence of gender-based violence in households in Mityana. Key Words: Household Gender-Based Violence, Mityana District.
Migration and Development: Examining the Development Impact of Out-Migration on Bokora Communities in Karamoja.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2009) Nangiro, Patricia
NANGIRO PATRICIA (2009-M083-10007) Migration and Development: Examining the Development Impact of Out-Migration on Bokora Communities in Karamoja. The purpose of this research was to analyse the development impact of out-migration on Bokora communities in Karamoja. From 2005 at the height of forceful disarmament, thousands of Karimojong from Bokora ethnic clan, especially women and children out-migrated to Kampala and other bigger towns in Eastern Uganda and have continued to do so in an attempt to escape misery, uncertain survival and violence at home. The study attempted to answer how continuous out-migration of the Bokora people impacts on development in the same area. Hence the study adopted a descriptive research design, using both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. The findings reveal that, out-migration in this community presents a development challenge, where a combination of social, economic and political development gaps such as acute poverty, insecurity and loss of cattle, poor infrastructure and social service delivery, limited marketing opportunities, natural resource degradation, and social-cultural marginalisation are clearly at the centre of decisions by individuals and/or households to out-migrate as they find themselves vulnerable and unsure of survival within their own land. Whereas out-migration has had some positive impacts on community development in instances where out-migrants have acquired new business skills and ideas, improved household incomes as a result of remittances, nevertheless it remains a challenge for development affecting human and social capital, economic growth, poverty reduction efforts, and societal fragility. Because of this, national and local governments recognise it as a problem and have occasionally tried to resettle migrants back to their land. However, it is unsuccessful as the casual factors remain unaddressed resulting in a sort of cyclic out-migration process. The implication is that, out-migration is only a coping strategy employed by individuals and households in distress. Survival is a focal issue as they make decisions to migrate. Unfortunately, women, girls and children are the most migrants, some of whom are victims of child and human trafficking. While majority are illiterate rural people with limited or no skills to engage in meaningful jobs that would otherwise help reduce their levels of vulnerability to human rights violations and exploitation in receiving areas, there is little or nothing being done in those communities to ensure their human rights and dignity is protected. This, therefore, calls for policy makers and practitioners to ensure, policies and projects aim to impact on out migration, migrants and development of their communities of origin. Interventions should focus on addressing the root causes rather than dealing with the symptoms. Key Words: Migration, Development, Communities, Karamoja.
Healthcare Provider-Patient Communication and its Effect on the Utilisation of Antenatal Care Services in Mulago National Referral Hospital.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2009) Nauma, Rose
NAUMA ROSE (2009-M033-20024) Healthcare Provider-Patient Communication and its Effect on the Utilisation of Antenatal Care Services in Mulago National Referral Hospital. The way healthcare providers communicate has been linked to proximate outcomes such as patient satisfaction and recall and to final outcomes, such as client compliance with treatment regimes and improved health results. The study examined healthcare provider-patient communication and its effectiveness on utilisation of Antenatal Care (ANC) services at Mulago national referral hospital. The specific objectives of this study were to examine the utilisation of antenatal care services at the antenatal care clinic of Mulago hospital, assess the communication between healthcare providers and the patients on utilisation of antenatal care services, examine the effect of healthcare provider-patient communication skills on patients‟ utilisation of antenatal care services at the antenatal care clinic of Mulago hospital and assess the quality of healthcare provider-patient communication on patients‟ utilisation of antenatal care services. This was a cross-sectional study conducted using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies with a sample size of 100 pregnant mothers attending ANC and 20 healthcare providers at the ANC clinic drawn from 2 study sites namely Upper Mulago (ward 14) and Lower Mulago (5th floor). The tools that were used for data collection included structured observation checklist for provider behaviour, self-assessment checklist for health provider interaction and an in-depth interview guide consisting of both open-ended and close-ended questions. Quantitative data analysis involved frequencies, percentages and correlations while qualitative data analysis involved a thematic approach. The results of the study established that there were instances in which patients‟ utilisation of antenatal care services was satisfactory and instances in which it was unsatisfactory. Additionally, communication between healthcare providers and patients on utilisation of antenatal care services at Mulago hospital was very good. The conclusion of the study was that, there was a positive correlation between healthcare provider-patient communication and utilisation of antenatal services whereby better and more health care provider-patient communication was related to better and more utilisation of antenatal services and vice versa. Key Words: Healthcare Provider, Patient Communication, Utilisation, Antenatal Care Services, Mulago National Referral Hospital.
An Assessment of how Agricultural Liberalization has Affected Cotton Production in Kitgum District: A Case Study of Selected Cotton Farmers.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2009) Anywar, Martin
ANYWAR MARTIN (2009-M023-20002) An Assessment of how Agricultural Liberalization has Affected Cotton Production in Kitgum District: A Case Study of Selected Cotton Farmers. This study aimed at assessing how agricultural liberalisation has affected cotton production among rural farmers in Kitgum district. The study set out to answer the following research questions: (i) How has agricultural liberalisation affected cotton production among rural cotton farmers in Kitgum?; (ii) What are the underlying causes of the poor farm level cotton production in the era of agricultural liberalisation?, (iii) Can agricultural cooperative unions leverage cotton production among rural cotton farmers? This was a survey that employed descriptive research design to obtain information concerning the current status of cotton production among the rural smallholder cotton farmers. Pre-testing of the data collection instruments was done. Multistage sampling was used to arrive at the sample size and snowball sampling for element sampling. Primary data from 368 respondents was collected through a standard interview guide of open-ended and closed-ended questions. This study employed descriptive statistics from the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyse the primary data obtained. The results showed that cotton production in Kitgum has been relegated to smallholder farmers operating individually with most of them belonging to poor and low income households. On average, a rural cotton farmer cultivates cotton on only 1.7 acres, representing only 30 percent of the total land accessible to him/her annually. 97.8 percent of the farmers indicated that agriculture is their first principle source of income; with 33.4 percent depending solely on it for a livelihood. Only 18.2 percent use the ox-ploughs with the use of human labour and the hand-hoe dominating at 53.8 percent. Forty five percent of the farmers have roads that are inaccessible during the rainy seasons. Results also showed that 33.9 percent of the farmers travelled over 30 kilometres to the nearest trading centre, with 61.4 percent of them agreeing that liberalisation demoralised them from producing cotton. With only 4.6 percent of the household heads qualified with tertiary education, and 16.8 percent having no formal education, the rural cotton farmers are very vulnerable to exploitation by lint buyers. Sixty percent of the respondents indicated that cooperative unions might help in addressing their problems; while 54.3 percent of them said they would strongly support the reinstatement of the cotton cooperative unions. It is clear from this study that agricultural cooperatives are the best mechanism to address market and supply chain failures not only in cotton but in almost all agricultural commodities. Cooperative Unions encourage collective farming that maximally exploits the advantages associated with the pooling of scarce resources to invest in farmers‟ operations which helps farmers to become more active market participants, allows them easy access to credit facilities, from funding institutions such as Small Medium Enterprises (SME), commercial banks, etc. The only caveat being that, the formation of cooperatives has to be with the full involvement of all members. Their operations emanate out of detailed supply chain analysis and needs analysis using Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRA), engagement and training of community members on cooperation principles so that it is internalised and entrenched within the members. Additionally, relevant tie ups and use of business principles to run and manage cooperatives professionally are important factors of success. Key Words: gricultural Liberalisation, Cotton Production, Kitgum District.
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Public Accountability Mechanisms in Primary Education Service Delivery in Lower Local Governments: A Case of Bukedea Town Council, Bukedea District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2009) Akol, Joseph
AKOL JOSEPH (2009-MO83-10001) An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Public Accountability Mechanisms in Primary Education Service Delivery in Lower Local Governments: A Case of Bukedea Town Council, Bukedea District. The study set out to assess the extent to which public accountability mechanisms in education service delivery are effective in Bukedea Town Council of Bukedea district. The major concern was that while there are many known public accountability mechanisms such as public meetings, display of public information, the media and demand driven mechanisms such as protests and petitions, they seem largely ineffective in local governments. Meetings are irregular and are not well facilitated even when they take place, public information is not regularly displayed and when displayed it is not accurate and up-to-date and the media has not been utilised to provide information to the public. The objectives of the study, therefore, were to: establish whether those in authority in Bukedea Town Council provide sufficient and timely information about resources, plans and service delivery in education to citizens; assess whether the Town Council (TC) authorities provide citizens opportunities to participate in decision making through consultation and debate on education issues on a systematic and inclusive basis and; examine whether there has been any improvement in education service delivery in the TC since being curved out. The study that was both quantitative and qualitative was conducted at the TC and school levels. Views and information were obtained from elected councillors, TC residents, staff of the TC, head teachers and SMC chairpersons of schools in the TC and opinion leaders. Methods used were questionnaires, focus group discussions, unstructured key informant interviews, desk reviews and observations. Qualitative techniques were used to analyse data as it was being collected while quantitative data were analysed after completing data collection. The general finding of the study is that public accountability mechanisms in this TC are not very effective at both TC and school levels. While there are attempts to display public information, it is not accessible to the general public, complete and up to date. Public meetings such as budget conferences at the TC level are attended on invitation – not open to the general public. At school level, there are good attempts to regularly hold meetings of SMCs and PTA executive committees and parents‟ Annual General Meetings (AGMs), but these meetings, especially AGMs are very poorly attended and SMC and PTA executive meetings are supply driven – agenda and discussions driven by conveners – those in authority. The media has not been utilised to account to the public. There are no mechanisms to receive complaints, feedback or even compliments from the public such as suggestion boxes. Service delivery improvements that have taken place are not known by the members of the public. There is no deliberate attempt to inform members of the public about plans,budgets, programmes, projects etc–other than those invited to attend budget conferences. There are serious man power gaps in the district, TC and in schools that impact on public accountability. The study concludes that the traditional model of local governance, in which representatives are elected to take decisions on behalf of citizens with little input from citizens between elections, is still the one that prevails in this TC as well. Those elected are assumed to be able to assess the detailed needs and priorities on behalf of those they represent. Although some consultations are held with residents, it is usually through representation–LCs, Parish Development Committee members and through meetings especially at school levels. Such consultations are haphazard, biased and supply driven. The study recommends that in order to improve public accountability, the TC should provide more information and in more creative ways to community members; government should officially allow parents to contribute towards their children‟s education despite the existence of the UPE policy; communities need to be empowered with the necessary skills, tools and information to enable them engage with those in positions of responsibility; SMCs should be empowered to be effectively involved in the management of primary schools and manpower gaps that exist at the district, TC and school levels should be plugged. KEY WORDS: Public Accountability Mechanisms, Primary Education, Service Delivery ,Lower Local Governments, Bukedea District.
The Role of Local Governments in Ensuring Sustainability of Agricultural Projects: A Case Study of Nagojje Sub-county, Mukono District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2010) Mumbere, James Cleto
MUMBERE JAMES CLETO (2010-M083-10034) The Role of Local Governments in Ensuring Sustainability of Agricultural Projects: A Case Study of Nagojje Sub-county, Mukono District. The report investigating the role of local governments in ensuring sustainability of agriculture projects sets out the findings of a study to answer five specific research questions: How Nagojje sub-county local government ensures sustainability of agricultural projects; how government disburses funds for Agricultural projects to Local Governments; whether communities participate in sustainability of Agricultural Projects in Nagojje sub-county; the challenges faced in ensuring sustainability of Agricultural Projects in Nagojje sub-county; and what could be the possible solutions to the challenges affecting the sustainability of agricultural projects in Nagojje sub-county. The research was conducted in Nagojje sub-county, Mukono district. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection. Data were collected from 60 respondents through household interviews, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Both manual and computer packages (SPSS) were used to analyse the data. The findings from this research found out that community members not being involved in prioritisation of needs and problems, not able to demand physical and financial accountabilities, a good number being school drop-outs, corruption tendencies and not being in position to make their action plans while the local leaders fail to monitor projects as some of the factors having substantial influence on the sustainability of agriculture projects. Secondly, the politicisation of the programmes and the inadequate funding that even limits the local governments to plan for agriculture projects. All the above justify the big role local governments still have to do if they have to ensure sustainability of agriculture projects. The research offered key recommendations to both policymakers and practitioners. These include: Improving coordination, monitoring, inspection and evaluation of government programmes at all levels, Strengthening the accountability and anti-corruption institutions; specifying the timelines for clearance of contracts and building a committed and responsible citizenry able to partake of projects as their own and to ensure proper accountability is given by the local leaders. Conclusively, the research found that the role played by local governments in ensuring sustainability of agriculture projects is still minimal and so calls for local governments to use all their concerted efforts to see to it that agriculture projects are sustainable. Key Worfds: Local Governments, Sustainability, Agricultural Projects, Mukono District.
The Role of Trade on Economic Development in Ibanda District, Uganda.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2010) Agaba, James B.
AGABA JAMES BANYENZAKI (2010-M162-20009) The Role of Trade on Economic Development in Ibanda District, Uganda. The study covered a period of 12 years (2000/12). The study was to establish the role of trade on economic development in Ibanda District-Uganda. The objectives were: to ascertain the major economic activities carried out in Ibanda district, to establish the relationship between trade and economic development in Ibanda district, and to ascertain the major challenges faced by the Ibanda district business community. The study found that the economic activities were classified as in the encyclopaedia and were revealed as professionals such as Doctors, Lawyers, Engineers and all the others who were involved in specialised services in return for fees and were self-employed, who were involved in the production and distribution of goods and services with the aim of earning profit. Despite the challenges differing by sector and geographical location within the study area, the study efforts discovered a number of constraints common to Ibanda, and key among these uncovered by the study were: Insufficient working capital, insecurity, lack of qualified human resources, lack of technology and information, high transportation costs, cumbersome and costly bureaucratic procedures. The linear regression analysis demonstrated that there was a positive relationship between financial trade activities with economic development in Ibanda district. Therefore, the study confirmed that trade activities were the greatest contributor with 73.7% to area economic development compared to other areas of economic development. For that reason, improving trade activities in this area would meaningfully move the district economic development higher and the reverse would happen if trade activities in this district are deterred. Key Words: Trade, Economic Development, Ibanda District.
The Influence of the Discovery of Hydrocarbons in the Albertine Graben on the Diplomatic Relations between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Rest of the World.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2010) Yiga, Nakachwa Francisca
YIGA NAKACHWA FRANCISCA (2010-M172-20008) The Influence of the Discovery of Hydrocarbons in the Albertine Graben on the Diplomatic Relations between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Rest of the World. In a region which has long been affiliated with war, a potential blessing such as the discovery of hydrocarbons has brought in hurried efforts to pacify and rehabilitate the vicinity in the hope of easing access to the discovered potential wealth. Historically, the discovery of oil and gas has always been a curse to the beneficiaries of moribund economic businesses, dragging the feet of pessimism and optimism to a fragile peak of debate. When the shores of Lake Albert were singled out as having just more than fish, salt and perhaps sand, expatriates suddenly began seeking affiliation and stomped into the region to acquire shares. Infrastructure is in the process of being developed, land has been cleared, houses demolished as preparations are underway for the establishment of a refinery, camps for oil companies and other establishments necessary for the successful execution of an environment conducive for an oil rich region. For the greater part, the natives in the Albertine region have become so engrossed in grabbing entrepreneurial openings that they have lost count of the damage that is manifesting in the environment as plot after plot of land has been marked off for exploration. The region has since known degradation, conflict and more losses than gains as various opportunists have continued to lay strategies that have placed Uganda against the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the rest of the world. This study examines these interactions and serves as an eye opener to the reality that Uganda and DRC are continuously drawing close to the fangs of a potential „Resource Curse‟. The researcher learned that the discovery of hydrocarbons has impacted more negatively than positively on the political, social, economic and environmental aura of the Albertine Graben, in as much as the researcher unveiled several benefits. Thus, it was only seemingly fit to conclude that the future of the Albertine Graben is not secure, rather, there is a significant likelihood that Uganda and DRC will most likely end up as oil-cursed countries if government, oil companies, Civil Society Organisations, administrators and the masses do not take the initiative to avoid the foundational propelling factors likely to lead these countries into becoming oil-cursed. The researcher recommends that actors participant in the oil game ought to unite and operate as transparent, dialogue-friendly, accountable and cooperative if the best is to arise out of the discovery of hydrocarbons in the Albertine Graben. Key Words:Hydrocarbons, Albertine Graben, Diplomatic Relations ,Democratic Republic of Congo.
The Impact of Public-Private Partnership on Service Delivery: A Case Study of the Health Service Sector in Kasese District, Western Uganda.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2010) Tumwine
TUMWINE (2010-MO83-10046) The Impact of Public-Private Partnership on Service Delivery: A Case Study of the Health Service Sector in Kasese District, Western Uganda. The impact of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) in health service delivery in Kasese district is not well understood. This study, therefore, was undertaken to investigate the impact caused by government and private partnership in effective health service delivery. The general objective of the study was to assess the impact of public-private partnership on the health service sector in Kasese district over the period of 2006-2012 and specific objectives were to establish the extent of public-private partnership in increasing infrastructure in the health service sector; to investigate the undertaking with regard to personnel development in the health service sector; and to examine the contribution of public-private partnership on the increase of health equipments and drugs in the health service sector in Kasese district. Kagando hospital was purposively selected as a case study. The facility income, infrastructure, personnel and drugs plus equipment and how this support affected health service delivery was investigated. I also selected Kilembe hospital using similar methods for purposes of comparing and contrasting findings from Kagando hospital. It was discovered that although Kilembe was ravaged by floods in May 2013 and 70% of the hospital destroyed according to Dr. Edward Wefura the hospital superintendent, Kagando is well established as far as public-private partnership is concerned. The study used both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The study used Kagando hospital records from hospital documents for the fiscal years 2006-2012. Tables and charts were used to analyse and determine government financial, equipment/drugs, infrastructure and human resource support to the hospital and the efficiency in resource utilisation. In Kilembe I could not access the records; however, the management provided the necessary information, filed the questionnaire forms and participated in focus group discussions. The findings show that there was a general increase in government funding to Kagando hospital over the six years of study. Government-seconded staff to the hospital increased and these were doctors and nurses. Other services like outpatient also show increase. Outputs increased due to increase in financial and human resource support to the hospital from government and other donors. Other areas like staff training did not get enough funds. Infrastructure, equipment and drugs procurement increased. The overall trend of the hospital in terms of finance and human resource shows a growing trend and staff motivation did not change. When comparing Kagando to Kilembe hospital, both private hospitals working with government, I discovered that Kilembe is almost 100% government supported. This left Kagando hospital in a comfortable position as a well-established public-private partnership. The findings further reveal that the government of Uganda through PPPH extended grants worth Ug.Shs.1.4 billion to Kagando hospital. As regards the staff, 18% overall accounted for staff seconded by government. Trends show staff efficiency for over the six years period. The study made some recommendations i.e. increase and maintain grants to Kagando hospital. Government should increase professional staff i.e. doctors, nurses and specialists. Government should increase on-job training of Kagando hospital and supporting Kagando hospital school of nursing. Government should act quickly to rehabilitate Kilembe hospital and harmonise ownership of the hospital. Increase Kilembe hospital staff and rehabilitate hospital facilities plus conducting a study to establish the cause of the floods in Kilembe. The government should compensate the nurses and doctors who lost their property during the May 2013 floods. Key Words: Public-Private Partnership, Service Delivery, Health Service Sector, Kasese District.
The Role of Access to Information in Deepening Good Governance in Rural Communities in Uganda: A Case Study of the Ssese Islands, Kalangala District.
(Uganda Martyrs University, 2010) Mugere, Isaac
MUGERA ISAAC (2010-MO83-10031) The Role of Access to Information in Deepening Good Governance in Rural Communities in Uganda: A Case Study of the Ssese Islands, Kalangala District. This research sought to examine the role of access to information in deepening good governance in the Ssese Islands, Kalangala District. It intended to establish whether the people in these Island communities are aware of their right of access to public information, and whether they have the capacity to use this information for purposes of promoting good governance in the district. The research studied people‟s experiences and challenges in accessing information as well as leaders‟ experiences and challenges in releasing and disseminating this information. The research dwelt more on the capacity of the people to use information because it directly determines people‟s demand and leaders‟ compliance to principles of good governance. The researcher explored the available alternative avenues that facilitate the accessibility and dissemination of information alongside the district initiatives, for purposes of comparison in effectiveness and efficiency. The research design adopted both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection with questionnaires and in-depth interviews as the key research instruments. The study was carried out in the Ssese Islands in Kalangala district and targeted 104 respondents. Key categories of respondents were District leaders, Civil Society leaders, Village leaders, and Community members. This study found out that the level of awareness on the right of access to information, as well as the level of literacy among the communities in Kalangala is very low, and, therefore, hindering their capacity to access and use information to promote good governance. There is also limited will among the leaders to release or disseminate public information, in addition to inadequate resources to facilitate the dissemination of public information. This research recommends that more sensitisation should be carried out among the communities and their leaders on the right of access to public information. It also recommends that Functional Adult Literacy programmes be promoted as well as encouraging parents to take children to school, to reduce the illiteracy levels among the population. Local governments should also devise ways of increasing budget allocations to the information sector to facilitate dissemination of public information. Key Words: Information, Good Governance, Rural Communities, Kalangala District

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